20 - Protozoa

• Entamoeba histolytica

• Giardia lamblia

• Crytosporidium parvum

Protozoa found in GIT [3]

b. Cyst

[Protozoa - GIT]

Protozoal form that is dormant and adapted to a new environment
a. Trophozoite
b. Cyst
c. Sporozoite
d. Merozoite

b. Ingestion

[Protozoa - GIT]

Process by which a cyst is ingested to transform into a trophozoite
a. Excystation
b. Ingestion
c. Encystation
d. Sporulation

b. Trophozoite

[Protozoa - GIT]

Protozoal form that is:

• Motile

• Represents the feeding form

a. Cyst
b. Trophozoite
c. Sporozoite
d. Oocyst

b. Fecal-oral

[Protozoa - GIT]

Route of transmission of GIT protozoal infections
a. Direct contact
b. Fecal-oral
c. Vector-borne
d. Vertical

b. Entamoeba histolytica

[Protozoa - GIT]

Causative organism of Amoebiasis
a. Giardia lamblia
b. Entamoeba histolytica
c. Trichomonas vaginalis
d. Toxoplasma gondii

b. Cidar/sausage chromatoid bodies

[Protozoa - GIT]

BEQ: Identifying feature of the precyst form of Entamoeba histolytica
a. Fried egg
b. Cidar/sausage chromatoid bodies
c. Owl's eye
d. Mariner's wheel

a. Cyst

[Protozoa - GIT]

The infectious form of Entamoeba histolytica

a. Cyst
b. Precyst
c. Trophozoite
d. Sporozoite

c. Trophozoite

[Protozoa - GIT]

The feeding form of Entamoeba histolytica, described as "hematophage" that ingests RBC
a. Cyst
b. Precyst
c. Trophozoite
d. Sporozoite

a. Hematophage (ingests RBC)

[Protozoa - GIT]

The trophozoite form of Entamoeba histolytica is also known as
a. Hematophage (ingests RBC)
b. Cyst
c. Precyst
d. Spore

b. 1 yr

[Protozoa - GIT]

Incubation period of Amoebiasis
a. 1 month
b. 1 yr
c. 6 months
d. 2 yrs

• Dysentery

• Without fever

• Flask-shaped ulcer

[Protozoa - GIT]

Intestinal Manifestation of Amoebiasis [3]

b. Liver abscess → Anchovy-like discharge

[Protozoa - GIT]

Extraintestinal manifestation of Amoebiasis
a. Dysentery
b. Liver abscess → Anchovy-like discharge
c. Flask-shaped ulcer
d. Meningitis

b. Anchovy-like discharge

[Protozoa - GIT]

Characteristic discharge from liver abscess in extraintestinal Amoebiasis
a. Cottage cheese
b. Anchovy-like discharge
c. Fried egg
d. Cauliflower like

b. Fecalysis

[Protozoa - GIT]

Diagnostic test for Amoebiasis
a. KOH smear
b. Fecalysis
c. Wood's lamp
d. Tzanck smear

b. Metronidazole

[Protozoa - GIT]

Drug of choice for Amoebiasis
a. Fluconazole
b. Metronidazole
c. Amphotericin B
d. Nystatin

b. Ingestion of drinking clear mountain water

[Protozoa - GIT]

Risk factor for Giardia lamblia infection
a. Undercooked meat
b. Ingestion of drinking clear mountain water
c. Cat exposure
d. Mosquito bite

b. Leningrad's curse

[Protozoa - GIT]

Giardiasis is also known as ______
a. Rose Gardener's disease
b. Leningrad's curse
c. Spelunker's disease
d. San Joaquin Valley Fever

• Steatorrhea

• Malnutrition

• Gassy abdominal distention

[Protozoa - GIT]

Clinical manifestation of Giardiasis (Leningrad’s Curse) [3]

b. Fecalysis

[Protozoa - GIT]

Diagnostic test for Giardiasis
a. KOH smear
b. Fecalysis
c. Wood's lamp
d. Tzanck smear

b. Old man's eyeglasses

[Protozoa - GIT]

Identifying feature of Giardia lamblia trophozoite on fecalysis, described as "old man's eyeglasses"
a. Cidar/sausage chromatoid bodies
b. Old man's eyeglasses
c. Mariner's wheel
d. Fried egg

b. Metronidazole

[Protozoa - GIT]

Drug of choice for Giardiasis
a. Fluconazole
b. Metronidazole
c. Amphotericin B
d. Nystatin

a. Cryptosporidium parvum

[Protozoa - GIT]

The organism that causes watery diarrhea in HIV/AIDS patients
a. Cryptosporidium parvum
b. Entamoeba histolytica
c. Giardia lamblia
d. Plasmodium falciparum

b. Watery diarrhea

[Protozoa - GIT]

Clinical manifestation of Cryptosporidium parvum in HIV/AIDS patients
a. Steatorrhea
b. Watery diarrhea
c. Dysentery
d. Liver abscess

b. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)

[Protozoa - GIT]

Treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum infection if patient is HIV (+)
a. Nitrazoxanide

b. Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART)
c. Metronidazole
d. Amphotericin B

b. Nitazoxanide

[Protozoa - GIT]

Treatment for Cryptosporidium parvum infection if patient is HIV (-)
a. HAART
b. Nitazoxanide
c. Metronidazole
d. Amphotericin B

a. Trichomonas vaginalis

[Protozoa - GIT]

Protozoa that can be found in Reproductive tract [1]
a. Trichomonas vaginalis
b. Entamoeba histolytica
c. Giardia lamblia
d. Cryptosporidium parvum

c. Trichomonas vaginalis

[Protozoa - Reproductive Tract]

Causative organism of Trichomoniasis
a. Giardia lamblia
b. Entamoeba histolytica
c. Trichomonas vaginalis
d. Cryptosporidium parvum

b. Sexual intercourse

[Protozoa - Reproductive Tract]

Route of transmission (ROT) of Trichomonas vaginalis
a. Fecal-oral
b. Sexual intercourse
c. Airborne
d. Vertical

• Greenish fruity discharge

• Strawberry cervix

[Protozoa - Reproductive Tract]

Clinical manifestation of Trichomoniasis [2]

b. Greenish fruity discharge

[Protozoa - Reproductive Tract]

Clinical manifestation of Trichomoniasis involving discharge
a. Cottage cheese discharge
b. Greenish fruity discharge
c. Anchovy-like discharge
d. Watery discharge

b. Strawberry cervix

[Protozoa - Reproductive Tract]

Clinical manifestation of Trichomoniasis involving the cervix
a. Flask-shaped ulcer
b. Strawberry cervix
c. Umbilicated papule
d. Vesicular rash

b. Metronidazole

[Protozoa - Reproductive Tract]

Treatment for Trichomoniasis
a. Fluconazole
b. Metronidazole
c. Amphotericin B
d. Nitrazoxanide

• Plasmodium spp.

• Toxoplasma gondii

• Trypanosoma spp.

• Leishmania spp.

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Protozoa that can be found in the Blood and Tissue [4]

b. Plasmodium spp.

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Genus of protozoa causing malaria
a. Trypanosoma spp.
b. Plasmodium spp.
c. Leishmania spp.
d. Toxoplasma spp.

c. Malaria

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Most important protozoal infection with the highest death rate
a. Amoebiasis
b. Giardiasis
c. Malaria
d. Trichomoniasis

a. Female anopheles mosquitoes

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Vector responsible for transmitting malaria
a. Female anopheles mosquitoes
b. Aedes mosquitoes
c. Tsetse fly
d. Sandfly

b. P. falciparum

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

BEQ: Most severe species of Plasmodium
a. P. malariae
b. P. falciparum
c. P. vivax
d. P. ovale

b. 48h Tertian

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Fever pattern of P. falciparum
a. 72h Quartan
b. 48h Tertian
c. 96h Quartan
d. Irregular

• Malignant

• Cerebral

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Severity of P. falciparum infection
a. Malignant and Cerebral
b. Benign and Quartan
c. Tertian and Benign
d. Malignant and Quartan

c. All RBC

📌Mnemonic: FAlciparum - FAre FArehas

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

RBC affected by P. falciparum
a. Old RBC
b. Young RBC/reticulocytes
c. All RBC
d. Mature RBC only

• Appliqué (Accolé) form

• Crescent-shaped gametocytes

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Characteristic RBC finding in P. falciparum [2]

b. Crescent-shaped

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Characteristic gametocyte shape of P. falciparum
a. Round
b. Crescent-shaped
c. Oval
d. Elongated

b. 72h Quartan

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Fever pattern of P. malariae
a. 48h Tertian
b. 72h Quartan
c. 96h Quartan
d. Irregular

b. Benign

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Severity of P. malariae infection
a. Malignant
b. Benign
c. Fatal
d. Cerebral

c. Old RBC

📌Mnemonic: MAlariae - MAtanda

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

RBC affected by P. malariae
a. Young RBC/reticulocytes
b. All RBC
c. Old RBC
d. Mature RBC only

• Band forms

• Basket forms

• Rosette schizonts

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Characteristic finding of P. malariae [3]

b. 48h Tertian

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Fever pattern of P. vivax and P. ovale
a. 72h Quartan
b. 48h Tertian
c. 96h Quartan
d. Irregular

b. Benign

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Severity of P. vivax and P. ovale infection
a. Malignant
b. Benign
c. Fatal
d. Cerebral

c. Young RBC/reticulocytes

📌Mnemonic: VV - Vata

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

RBC affected by P. vivax and P. ovale
a. Old RBC
b. All RBC
c. Young RBC/reticulocytes
d. Mature RBC only

b. Hypnozoites

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Dormant liver stage of Plasmodium, particularly seen in P. vivax and P. ovale
a. Schizonts
b. Hypnozoites
c. Merozoites
d. Trophozoites

• Enlarge Cell

• Lemon Cyst

• Schuffner’s dots

📌Mnemonic: “ELS”

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Characteristic finding of P. vivax [3]

Sporozoite (Infectious stage)

↓

Merozoite (Liver stage)

↓

Trophozoite (Blood stage)

↓

Gametocyte (Sexual stage)

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Stage of Plasmodium lifecycle [4]

b. Sporozoite

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Stage of Plasmodium lifecycle that enters the human, infectious to human
a. Merozoite
b. Sporozoite
c. Trophozoite
d. Gametocyte

b. Merozoite

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Stage of Plasmodium lifecycle released from the liver, associated with fever
a. Sporozoite
b. Merozoite
c. Trophozoite
d. Gametocyte

c. Trophozoite

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Stage of Plasmodium lifecycle found in blood/RBC after merozoite release
a. Sporozoite
b. Merozoite
c. Trophozoite
d. Gametocyte

d. Gametocyte

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Stage of Plasmodium lifecycle that is harvested by mosquitoes, infectious to mosquitoes
a. Sporozoite
b. Merozoite
c. Trophozoite
d. Gametocyte

b. Liver/tissue (extraerythrocytic)

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Site of the sporozoite stage in man
a. Blood/RBC
b. Liver/tissue (extraerythrocytic)
c. Mosquito gut
d. Salivary gland

b. Blood/RBC (erythrocytic)

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Site of the trophozoite stage in man
a. Liver/tissue
b. Blood/RBC (erythrocytic)
c. Mosquito gut
d. Salivary gland

b. Man

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Intermediate Host

a. Mosquito

b. Man

a. Mosquito

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Definitive host

a. Mosquito

b. Man

b. Man

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Site of schizogony

a. Mosquito

b. Man

a. Mosquito

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Plasmodium Lifecycle:

Site of Sporogony

a. Mosquito

b. Man

b. Asexual reproduction

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Type of reproduction occurring in man during Plasmodium lifecycle

a. Sexual reproduction
b. Asexual reproduction
c. Both sexual and asexual
d. Neither

b. Sexual reproduction

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Type of reproduction occurring in mosquito during Plasmodium lifecycle
a. Asexual reproduction
b. Sexual reproduction
c. Both sexual and asexual
d. Neither

a. Thick and thin blood smear

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Diagnosis for Malaria
a. Thick and thin blood smear
b. Widal test
c. Weil-Felix test
d. Monospot test

b. Thick blood smear

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Type of blood smear used to diagnose malaria
a. Thin blood smear
b. Thick blood smear
c. Peripheral smear
d. Buffy coat smear

b. Thin blood smear

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Type of blood smear used to diagnose the Plasmodium species
a. Thick blood smear
b. Thin blood smear
c. Peripheral smear
d. Buffy coat smear

b. Combination therapy

• Artemisinin base Combination Therapy (ACT)

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for Malaria

a. Monotherapy
b. Combination therapy
c. Supportive therapy only
d. Surgical intervention

b. Artemether + Lumefantrine

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Co-artem
a. Chloroquine + Doxycycline
b. Artemether + Lumefantrine
c. Artesunate + Mefloquine
d. Quinine + Doxycycline

b. Chloroquine

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Drug used for malaria prophylaxis, but with high cases of resistance
a. Doxycycline
b. Chloroquine
c. Artemether
d. Lumefantrine

b. Doxycycline

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Drug used for malaria prophylaxis before, during, and after travel to Palawan
a. Chloroquine
b. Doxycycline
c. Artemether
d. Lumefantrine

b. 1 month

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Duration after travel to Palawan that doxycycline prophylaxis should be continued to cancel the life cycle
a. 1 week
b. 1 month
c. 3 months
d. 2 weeks

b. Toxoplasma gondii

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Causative organism of Toxoplasmosis
a. Plasmodium spp.
b. Toxoplasma gondii
c. Trichomonas vaginalis
d. Giardia lamblia

• Vertical

• Inhalation — via oocyst from cat feces

• Ingestion — via oocyst from meat

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Route of transmission (ROT) of Toxoplasma gondii [3]

• Chorioretinitis

• Encephalitis

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Adverse effect of Toxoplasmosis [2]

b. Chorioretinitis

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Adverse effect of Toxoplasmosis affecting the eyes
a. Encephalitis
b. Chorioretinitis
c. Cataracts
d. Glaucoma

b. Encephalitis

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Adverse effect of Toxoplasmosis affecting the brain
a. Chorioretinitis
b. Encephalitis
c. Meningitis
d. Stroke

b. Fluorescent Ab test

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Diagnostic test for Toxoplasmosis
a. KOH smear
b. Fluorescent Ab test
c. Wood's lamp
d. Fecalysis

b. Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for Toxoplasmosis
a. Metronidazole
b. Sulfadiazine + Pyrimethamine
c. Amphotericin B
d. Nitrazoxanide

b. T. cruzi

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Species of Trypanosoma causing American disease
a. T. brucei gambiense
b. T. cruzi
c. T. brucei rhodesiense
d. T. brucei brucei

b. T. brucei gambiense

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Species of Trypanosoma causing African disease found in West Africa
a. T. cruzi
b. T. brucei gambiense
c. T. brucei rhodesiense
d. T. brucei brucei

c. T. brucei rhodesiense

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Species of Trypanosoma causing African disease found in East Africa
a. T. cruzi
b. T. brucei gambiense
c. T. brucei rhodesiense
d. T. brucei brucei

b. Reduviid/Triatoma spp.

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Vector of T. cruzi, described as "kissing bug"
a. Tse-tse fly
b. Reduviid/Triatoma spp.
c. Anopheles mosquito
d. Sandfly

b. Tse-tse fly/Glossina spp.

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Vector of T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense

a. Reduviid/Triatoma spp.
b. Tse-tse fly/Glossina spp.
c. Anopheles mosquito
d. Sandfly

d. Chagas disease (Kala-azar)

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Disease caused by T. cruzi

a. Sleeping sickness
b. Chagas disease
c. Malaria
d. Chagas disease (Kala-azar)

• Megacolon

• Cardiomegaly

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Complication of Chagas disease
a. Megacolon and Cardiomegaly
b. Hepatomegaly and Splenomegaly
c. Megacolon and Megaoesophagus
d. Cardiomegaly and Hepatomegaly

b. Nifurtimox

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for T. cruzi infection (Chagas disease)

a. Suramin
b. Nifurtimox
c. Pentamidine
d. Melarsoprol

b. African trypanosomiasis

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Disease caused by T. brucei gambiense and T. brucei rhodesiense

a. Chagas disease
b. African trypanosomiasis
c. Malaria
d. Kala-azar

• Drowsiness

• Fever

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Clinical manifestation of African trypanosomiasis
a. Drowsiness and Fever
b. Fever and Rash
c. Drowsiness and Headache
d. Fever and Diarrhea

b. Pentamidine

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for West African trypanosomiasis caused by T. brucei gambiense (early stage)
a. Suramin
b. Pentamidine
c. Melarsoprol
d. Nifurtimox

b. Eflornithine

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for West African trypanosomiasis caused by T. brucei gambiense (late stage)
a. Suramin
b. Eflornithine
c. Melarsoprol
d. Nifurtimox

b. Suramin

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for East African trypanosomiasis caused by T. brucei rhodesiense (early stage)
a. Pentamidine
b. Suramin
c. Melarsoprol
d. Nifurtimox

c. Melarsoprol

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for East African trypanosomiasis caused by T. brucei rhodesiense (late stage)
a. Pentamidine
b. Suramin
c. Melarsoprol
d. Nifurtimox

b. Phlebotomus spp. (sandfly)

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Vector of Leishmania spp.
a. Anopheles mosquito
b. Phlebotomus spp. (sandfly)
c. Tse-tse fly
d. Reduviid bug

b. Leishmania tropica

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Species of Leishmania causing cutaneous Leishmaniasis
a. L. brasiliensis
b. Leishmania tropica
c. L. donovani
d. L. major

b. L. brasiliensis

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Species of Leishmania causing mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
a. Leishmania tropica
b. L. brasiliensis
c. L. donovani
d. L. major

c. L. donovani

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Species of Leishmania causing visceral Leishmaniasis (Kala azar)
a. Leishmania tropica
b. L. brasiliensis
c. L. donovani
d. L. major

a. Kala-azar

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Visceral Leishmaniasis is also known as _____
a. Kala-azar
b. Dumdum fever
c. Black fever
d. All of the above

b. Sodium stibogluconate

[Protozoa - Blood and Tissue]

Treatment for Leishmaniasis

a. Metronidazole
b. Sodium stibogluconate
c. Amphotericin B
d. Nifurtimox