Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Flashcards about Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

What is the overall process of cellular respiration?

Organisms take molecules broken down from food and release the chemical energy stored in the chemical bonds of those molecules

Where does cellular respiration occur in eukaryotic cells?

Mitochondria

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Organic molecules + Oxygen → Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy (ATP)

What is the equation for photosynthesis?

Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy (sunlight) → Organic molecules + Oxygen

What happens during oxidation?

A substance loses electrons

What happens during reduction?

A substance gains electrons

What is the reducing agent?

The electron donor (oxidized)

What is the oxidizing agent?

The electron acceptor (reduced)

What are the three main stages of harvesting energy from glucose by cellular respiration?

1. Glycolysis, 2. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, 3. Oxidative phosphorylation

What is the net ATP yield from glycolysis?

2 ATP molecules

What is the function of NAD+ in cellular respiration?

It is an oxidizing agent that picks up or takes electrons

What must pyruvate be converted to before the citric acid cycle can begin?

Acetyl Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA)

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

In the matrix of the mitochondria

What does the citric acid cycle generate per turn?

1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2

What are the two main components of oxidative phosphorylation?

1. The Electron Transport Chain (ETC), 2. Chemiosmosis

Where does the ETC occur?

In the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

What is chemiosmosis?

Diffusion of H+ ions

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?

Oxygen (O2)

What is the proton motive force?

The H+ gradient across a membrane

How much ATP is produced by Oxidative Phosphorylation?

Almost 90% of the ATP generated by cellular respiration

How much ATP is produced by cellular respiration?

38 ATP

What is produced by Glycolysis?

2 ATP, 2 NADH, & 2 pyruvate

What is produced by Oxidation of pyruvate?

1 CO2, 1 NADH, and 1 acetyl-CoA

What is produced by Citric acid cycle?

2CO2, 3NADH,1 FADH2 and 1 ATP

What happens if ETC will cease to operate?

glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP

Where does fermentation occur?

In the cytosol of the cell

What does fermentation use instead of ETC to generate ATP?

Substrate level phosphorylation

What are the two common types of fermentation?

1. Alcoholic fermentation, 2. Lactic acid fermentation

What is produced by Alcoholic fermentation?

Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps, with the first releasing CO2

What is produced by Lactic acid fermentation?

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate and NAD+