Heart Structure & Circulation Terms | Physiology Lecture 20

Pulmonary (lung) circulation

this type of circulation carries blood bewteen the heart and lungs

Systemic circulation

this type of circulation carries blood between heart and organ system

Pulmonary (lung circulation)

This circulation moves O2 from inhaled air into blood

Systemic circulation

This circulation moves O2 to tissues and CO2 back to lungs

systemic circulation

This system maintains appropriate blood pressure

Pulmonary (lung) circulation

This system removes CO2 from blood and releases it into the atmosphere

2

the heart is a four-chamber ___ sided pump

right atrium

deoxygenated blood from the body enters the _____ ____

right ventricle

from the right atrium, the blood flows into the ____ ____

lungs

from the right ventricle, the blood flows to the

left atrium

from the lungs the blood flows to the 

left ventricle

from the left atrium the blood flows to the 

body

from the left ventricle the blood flows to the

(superior/inferior) vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral (bicuspid, leftatrioventricular) valve, left ventricle, aortic semilunar valve, aorta

Say the order of blood flow, starting with the vena cava

tricuspid valve

what is another name for the right atrioventricular valve

mitral or biscuspid valve

what is another name for the left atrioventricular valve

Left

Which side of the ventricular muscle walls is thicker?

Higher systemic blood pressure

the left side needs to have a much thicker/stronger ventricular walls due to the __________ ____________ ___________________ ________on the other side

lower pressure

The right ventricle pumps blood to pulmonary circulation with a ______ ______

Endocardium

this is the inner lining of the heart

Myocardium

this is the middle layer of tissue in the heart, made up of cardiac muscle

Pericardium

this is the membrane surrounding the heart also called the “heart sac”

4

How many layers of the pericardium are there?

Pericarditis

this is inflammation of the pericardium

Cardiac tamponade

this is fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity

Myocardial infarction

this is another word for a heart attack, it's whena part of the myocardium fails to receive enough oxygen

Cardiac myocyte (cardiomyocyte)

these are another word for cardiac muscle cell

Deoxygenated

the right side of the heart (atrium and ventricle) carries this kind of blood, before going to the lungs

Oxygenated

the left side of the heart (atrium and ventricle) carries this kind of blood after going to the lungs, then delivering it to tissues

Angle

the heart is positioned at an _________ on the left side of the thoracic cavity

Apex

this is the tip of the heart

Relaxed

when the ventricles are _____________, blood enters the atria, pushing the atrioventricular valves down

Contracted

When the ventricles are _________________, blood presses up against the AV valve cusps, forcing the valves closed, and the blood will flow through the semilunar valves

Chordae tendineae

these are bands of fibrous tissue in the ventricles that can be tightened by papillary muscles, and prevent the AV valves from being pushed inside out into the atria when the ventricles are contracted

Cardiac Skeleton

this is the fibrous layer of connective tissue that's composed of rings of that connective tissue around the 4 valves, but it's not a bone., forms a single spatial plane that contains teh 4 valves

Anchors valves

anchors atrial muscles above and ventricular muscles below

acts as an electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

these are the 3 roles of the cardiac skeleton

Echocardiogram

ultrasound of the heart

Stenosis

this is a condition when the valve flaps become thick or stiff, and maybe fuse together, resulting in a norrowed valve opening and reduced blood flow through the valve

Regurgitation

this is a condition when the valve flaps don't close properly, which causes blood to leak backwards into the heart, and occurs due to a condition called prolapse

Atresia

this is a condition where the valves are not formed, and a solid sheet of tissue blocks the blood flow between the heart chambers

Atrium

In terms of the 3 waves of depolarization, the first wave of depolarization goes from the top of the _________ to its bottom

Intermittent period

After the atria are depolarized, the period that follows is called the _________________ ______________ and is a delay

Ventricle`

After the intermittent period, the next wave of depolarization happens from the bottom of the ____________ to its top

simultaneously

the left and right atria contract _______

simultaneously

left and right ventricles contract ______

Preload

the intermittent period is needed because of the necessity to fill the ventricles with blood, which is known as this

preload

volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole, right before the muscle contracts

Arrhythmia

this is irregular electrical activites that lead to abnormal contractions

Ventricular fibrillation

this is an extreme case of arrhythmia which causes the ventricles to twitch uselessly, which eventually can lead to sudden death, can be solved by CPR and AED

Intercalated discs

these are specialized structures in cardiac muscle cells that has desmosomes and gap junctions, which help the cardiac muscle to initiate its own muscle contractions

Gap Junctions

these are in the intercalated discs taht are areas of low electrical resistance that allows action ptoentials to spread from cell to cell

Desmosoems

these are in the intercalated discs that are a type of adherence junction which holds the cells together

Functional syncytium

this is the concept that is an action potential is initiated in any cell of the heart, it will spread throughout to the connected muscle cells

myogenic

cardiac muscle = myogenic/neurogenic

Myogenic

the heart has the ability to initiate its own muscle contractions, and when removed from the body, it'll still beat spontaneously

neurogenic

skeletal muscle = myogenic/neurogenic

Neurogenic

skeletal muscle is this, which means that the muscle needs to be initiated by a motor neuron in order to contract

2

there are this many subgroups of syncytia, which contract sequentially with delay

AV node

there is only one connecting path between the atrial and ventricular syncytia, which is this

Cardiac pacemakers

these are cells that are specialized and devoted to generation and conduction of rhythmic, pacemaker potentials, which help the rhythm of circulation

Pacemaker potentials

spontaneous depolarization in the resting membrane potential

SA node

this is the place where the pacemaker potentials are initiated, and it is at the top right of the heart

AV node

after the pacemaker potential is generated in the SA node, it spreads to this, which is the only way to get a depolarization wave to get from the atria to the ventricles

AV nodal delay

the conduction through the AV node is slow, which creates a delay between the atria and ventricular contraction, called this

Doesn't

the wave of depolarization from the AV node ________(does/doesn't) spread uniformly over the vnetricular myocardium

Bundle of His

After the AV node, the electrical impulse spreads to this

Left and right blude branches

After the Bundle of His, the electrical impulse spreads to this

Purkinje fibers

After the left and right bundle branches, the elecrtrical impulse spreads from the apex upward through these, and enable ventricular contraction beginning primarily at the apex, pushing blood upward towards the pulmonary and aortic valves

SA node

which node has the fastest rate of conduction?

SA node

what node determines the heart rate and direction of conduction?

AV node

which node has the slowest conduction speed?

Delay

AV node has the slowest conduction speed, and during this __________ caused by this, and the atria contract, and ventricles become filled

Tachycardia

if the heart beats too fast, it is called this

Brachycardia

if the heart beats too slow, it is called this