Disease

WHat happens in coronary heart disease?

• Layers of fatty materials build up inside the coronary arteries, narrowing them.
• This reduces the flow of blood through the coronary arteries, resulting in a lack of oxygen for the herat muscle.

Treatment of coronary heart disease

• stents can be used which keeps the heart open.
• Statins are widely used to reduce blood cholestrol levels which slow down the rate of fatty material deposit.

Advantages and disadvantages of stent.

Advantage:

• blocked artery is held open
• blood flow to heart muscle cells is increased
• stent will remain in place for a long time
• effect of stent is immediate
• rapid recovery from operation

Disadvantage:

• risk of infection from operation
• risk of surgery eg heart attack or bleeding
• risk of thrombosis or blood clot

Advantages and disadvantages of statin

Advantages of statins

• easy to take or not invasive (procedure)
• decrease blood cholesterol
• slow down build-up of fatty materials in arteries
• maintain blood flow to heart muscle cells
• low cost (compared to stent operation)

Disadvantages of statins

• might be side effects of drug eg muscle pain
• effects take time to happen
• drug will need to be taken long term
• might forget to take drug

Consequences of faulty valves.

• Valves can stiffen which can prevent them opening fully to let blood flow through

  • This reduces the volume of blood pumped by the heart

• Sometimes a faulty heart valve might develop a leak

  • This allows blood to flow from the ventricles to the atria or the arteries to the ventricles

communicable disease

Communicable diseases are caused by microorganisms called pathogens which can spread between individuals or individuals and animals

Non-communicable disease

• Non-communicable diseases are not caused by pathogens and their effects on health tend to be longer-lasting; examples are asthma, CHD and most cancers

health

health is the state of physical and mental well-being

How may disease interact? (not needed to memorise just for knwoledge)

• defect in the immune system means that an individual is more likely to suffer from an infectious disease
• viruses living in cells can be a trigger for cancers
• immune reactions initially caused by a pathogen can trigger allergies such as skin rashes and asthma
• severe physical ill health can lead to depression and other mental illness.

Interactions and risk factors (not needed to memorize just for knwoledge)

• the effects of diet, smoking and exercise on cardiovascular disease
• obesity as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes
• the effect of alcohol on the liver and brain function
• the effect of smoking on lung disease and lung cancer
• Thee effect of smoking and alcohol on unborn babies
• carcinogens, including ionizing radiation as a risk factor for cancer.

Cancer

the reasult of changes in cells which leads t uncontrolled growth and division.

Benign tumors

growth of abnormal cells which are contained in one area, usually within a membrane

do not invade other parts of the body

Malignant tumor

• cancers – the cells invade neighbouring tissues and spread to different parts of the body via the blood where they form secondary tumours
• Malignant tumours are more likely to disrupt the functioning of the organ they originate in (as they invade healthy tissue) and the organs they spread to –

(this is why they are dangerous and how they lead to death)

Why does a heart attack survivor struggle with exercise afterwards?

* heart muscle cannot contract / pump as effectively * so less blood pumped out of heart or to body (on each beat / contraction) * so less oxygen reaches cells for aerobic respiration * so breathing rate increases to supply more oxygen to repay oxygen debt