Health Promotion, Disease Prevention, and Factors Influencing Health

Flashcards on health promotion, disease prevention, and factors influencing health.

What is the WHO definition of health?

A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Name influences on individual and community health.

Genetics; income level; education level; social, economic, and physical environment; unique characteristics and behaviors; and access to healthcare.

What is the USPSTF?

United States Preventive Services Task Force, a volunteer panel of national experts in prevention and evidence-based medicine.

What are standard precautions in healthcare settings?

Hand hygiene, use of gloves, gowns, and eye protection when blood and body secretions are apparent, respiratory hygiene, and clean, short fingernails.

Name three major types of pathogen transmission in nosocomial settings:

Contact, droplet, and airborne spread.

List lifestyle factors associated with malignancies.

Tobacco use, excessive alcohol intake, poor diet, physical inactivity, and high BMI.

List ways to prevent cancer.

Avoid tobacco, be physically active, maintain a healthy weight, eat a healthy diet, limit alcohol intake, practice safe sex, avoid excessive sun exposure, and obtain regular screenings.

What is osteoporosis?

A condition common in women and older patients distinguished by low bone mass, structural disruption, and skeletal fragility.

List ways to prevent osteoporosis.

Vitamin D, exercise, and fall prevention strategies. Adequate intake of calcium is essential.

What are nonmodifiable risk factors for heart disease?

Age, sex, and family history of early coronary disease.

Name key steps to providing a brief intervention in the clinical setting using the 5A's model.

Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, and Arrange.

Why are e-cigarettes not recommended as a tobacco cessation method?

Evidence of benefit is unclear, and chronic use is associated with persistent increases in oxidative stress and sympathetic stimulation, increasing risk of cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases.

What are WHO designations of obesity?

Grade 1 overweight (BMI 25-29.9 kg/m^2), Grade 2 overweight (BMI 30-39.9 kg/m^2), and Grade 3 overweight (BMI >=40 kg/m^2).

What are lifestyle modifications to reduce caloric intake?

Increasing physical activity and dietary modification to reduce caloric intake. Providers can facilitate the development of individualized plans to reduce energy intake by recognizing the contribution of eating away from home.

What is chemoprevention?

The use of medications or other substances to try to lower the risk of getting cancer, or to keep it from coming back.

At what age should adult CVD risk be screened using risk estimator tools?

40 to 75 years

What are the USPSTF recommendations for screening abdominal aortic aneurysms?

One-time screening for AAA with ultrasonography in men age 65 to 75 years who have ever smoked.

What is primary prevention of HTN?

Strategies aimed at both the general population and special high-risk populations including reduced sodium consumption, weight loss, and exercise.

What is the leading cause of injury death in the United States?

Opioid overdose

What is elder abuse?

Occurs when a trusted person's or caregiver's acts or neglect causes or creates a risk of harm to an older adult age 60 years or older.

What are hospital acquired conditions (HACs)?

Conditions a patient develops while in the hospital receiving treatment for an unrelated illness.

What are nosocomial infections?

Infections that were not present or incubating at the time of hospital admission.

Define Primary Prevention.

Interventions to prevent disease before it occurs.

Define Secondary Prevention.

Screening to detect disease early.

Define Tertiary Prevention.

Treatment and rehabilitation to reduce disease severity.