NRSE 110 Exam #1 ⭐️

Definition of nursing

nursing integrates the art and science of caring and focuses on that protection, promotion, and optimization of health and human functioning; prevention of illness and injury; facilitation of healing; and alleviation of suffering through compassionate presence. Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations in recognition of the connection of all humanity.

Aims of Nursing Practice

1. To promote health

2. To prevent illness

3. To restore health

4. To facilitate coping with disability or death

Levels of Nursing

1. Certified Nursing assistant (CNA)

2. Medical Assistant (MA)

3. Licensed practical nurse (LPN)

4. Registered Nurse (RN)

5. Advance practice registered nurse (APRN)

6. Doctorate

Certified Nursing assistant (CNA)

help with activities of daily living, vitals, ekg, and help patients get to places like the bathroom.

Medical assistant (MA)

1. 10 months of schooling

2. Very similar to cna

Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)

School for 1 year, but under the direction of an RN

Registered Nurse (RN)

1. Two year associate degree in nursing (ADN)

2. Four year bachelor of science in nursing (BSN)

3. Accelerated bachelor of science of nursing

Advance practice registered nurse (APRN)

1. CRNA

2. CNM

3. CNS

4 CNP

CRNA

certified registered nurse anesthetist

CNM

certified nurse midwife

CNS

certified nurse specialist

CNP

certified nurse practitioner

Doctorate

1. EdD

2. PhD

3. DNP

Nursing EdD

1. education based so they can teach

2. 3 - 5 years

PhD

1. nursing research

2. 3 - 5 years

DNP

1. practice based research

2. 2 - 4 years

Three mechanisms of basic nursing education to qualify to take the NCLEX

1. 4 year education at a college or university conferring a bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) degree

2. 2 year education at a community college or technical school conferring an associate degree in nursing (ADN)

3. Diploma in nursing, awarded after the successful completion of a hospital based program that typically takes 3 years to complete including prerequisite courses that may be taken at another school

Benefits of BSN

1. Patients do better when cared by BSN nurse proven by research

2. Just overall better outcome for patients

License Renewal

1. CT = 1 year

2. MA = 2 years

Specialty certification

1. Depending on your specialty you can get certifications for it

2. Examples : Certified gastroenterology registered nurse (CGRN), and Certified emergency nurse (CEN)

Why do we do what we do?

Theories provide a blueprint or the foundation of nursing practice

The 4 Key types of Nursing Theories

1. Grand theories

2. Middle range theories

3. Ethical theories

4. Change theories

Grand theories

abstract theories about nursing framework

Middle range theories

theories addressing a specific nursing issue

Ethical theories

theories focusing on nursing practice ethics

Change theories

theories about changes to nursing strategies

Nursing Theorists and Conceptual Models

1. Florence nightingale

2. Virginia Henderson

3. Jean watson

4. Dorothea Orem

5. Imogene King

6. Sister callista roy

7. Hildegard Peplau

8. Ida Orlando

9. Madeline leininger

Florence nightingale

environment

Virginia Henderson

14 basic needs

Jean watson

"caring" (10 caritas processes)

Dorothea Orem

"self care"

Imogene King

"interacting systems and goal attainment"

Sister callista roy

"adaptation" (coping abilities)

Hildegard Peplau

"interpersonal relations"

Ida Orlando

"nurse patient interaction" (ADPIE)

Madeline leininger

"cultural care"

Common Concepts in Nursing Theories

1. The person (patient)

2. The environment

3. Health

4. Nursing

Recognition of Exceptional Nurses

1. The nightingale award : one of the highest honors, for nurses that have done a lot

2. The DAISY award

Patricia Benner's Model of Skill Acquisition in Nursing : Novice to Expert

1. Nursing theory to describe a systematic way of acquiring skills and knowledge over time through an educational base and a multitude of experiences

2. 5 stages of development

Novice

the learner has had no previous experience making them struggle to decide which tasks are most relevant to accomplish

Advanced beginner

the learner has enough of real world situations that the recurrent component is easily identified when it is regulated to rules and guidelines

Competent

the learner has been on the job for 2-3 years and is able to see actions in terms of goals or plans and works in an efficient and organized manner. 2-3 years of experience

Proficient

the learner performs by using pieces evidence that provide directions to see a situation as a whole

Expert

the learner grasps the situation and understand what needs to be accomplished beyond rules, guidelines, and maxims

Walton, Chut, and Ball Phases of Socialization

1. Feeling like an imposter

2. Trial and error

3. Taking the role seriously

4. Transference

5. Professionalism

Nursing Knowledge

1. Traditional knowledge

2. Authoritative knowledge

3. Scientific knowledge

Traditional knowledge

basic nursing knowledge that usually doesn't change

Authoritative knowledge

expert vs novice

Scientific knowledge

research based knowledge

Kramers Reality Shock Theory

4 phases of transitioning into a new role

Honeymoon

wow such a wonderful job!

Shock

something traumatic happens that alters your perspective about your ability to do the job/reality of the job

Recovery

begin to have more positive feelings about the job again

Resolution

understanding the job/ coming to terms with how the job works

Rufaida al-aslamia

1. first female muslim nurse and surgeon

2. Ancient nursing involved herbs to treat common ailments

She is often considered the founder of modern nursing and first nursing theorist

Florence Nightingale

Founded first training school for nurses in London (1860)

Florence Nightingale

"The lady with the lamb" : would walk down the hallway with a lamp

Florence Nightingale

Florence nightingales environmental theory

1. Promoting public health and quality bedside nursing care by describing how environment can promote health and healing

2. 5 environmental factors

3. Nightingale's canons

5 environmental factors

1. pure fresh air

2. pure water

3. effective drainage

4. cleanliness

5. light

Nightingale's canons

1. Ventilation and warming

2. Light

3. Noise

4. Cleanliness of rooms/walls

5. Health of houses

6. Bed and bedding

7. Personal cleanliness

8. Variety

9. Chattering hopes and advices

10. Nutrition

Mary Seacole : Mid 19th century in england

1. Jamaican nurse and businesswomen

2. Voted greatest black briton in 2004 poll

3. She was rejected by nightingale during the crimean war

4. Expert on cholera : manged the care of soldiers of crimea

1861-1873 : The American Civil War : An Impetus for training for nursing

1. At the start, no nurses were available to serve

2. As war continued, women responded to needs of sick and wounded by volunteering as nurses

3. Leaders emerged

Nursing Leaders that emerged during civil war

1. Dorothea dix

2. Sojourner truth

3. Harriet Tubman

4. Mary Ann "mother" bickerdyke

5. Clara barton

Dorothea dix

union superintendent of women nurses, champion for mental health

Sojourner truth

famous abolitionist

Harriet Tubman

leader of "underground railroad"

Mary Ann "mother" bickerdyke

lay nurse

Clara barton

founded american red cross

After the Civil War : Moving towards education and licensure under the challenges of segregation

1. The civil war promoted a move toward formal education of nurses

2. Three american schools were modeled after nightingales school and opened in 1873

Three american schools were modeled after nightingales school and opened in 1873

1. Bellevue training school for nurses (new york city)

2. Connecticut training school for nurses (new haven)

3. Boston training school for nurses at massachusetts general hospital

The Feminization of Nursing

1. Requirements for early nursing school applicants were based on victorian stereotypes of female qualities

2. Medical practice was mainly a domain for men, nursing belonged to women which reinforces the hierarchical relation between the professions

Requirements for early nursing school applicants were based on victorian stereotypes of female qualities

1. Good breeding

2. Ladylike behavior

3. Submission to authority

4. Sensitivity

5. Intelligence

Discrimination in early training

1. Discrimination against male, black, and Jewish applicants

2. 1962 : all state nurses associations accepted all qualified RNs into membership regardless of race, color, or creed

3. Mary eliza mahoney : 1st african american RN in the US

First school exclusively for men

1. School for male nurses at the new york city training school (1886)

2. 1870s : alexian brothers/hospital

First school exclusively for black women

Atlanta baptist female seminary (later spelman college)

Need for culturally sensitive care

Susie walking bear yellowtail : First american indian graduate nurse who advocated for improved care for american indians

Men in Nursing

1. James derham

2. Edward T. lyon

3. Joe Hogan

4. Luther Christman

James derham

1. Born a slave

2. After gaining his freedom, he started his medical practice in 1783

3. He is credited as the first african american to work as a physician in the US

Edward T. lyon

In 1955 because the very first male nurse to be commissioned in the army corps in the US as a reserve officer

Joe Hogan

A black nurse who fought to end sex discrimination in publicly funded nursing schools throughout the country in the late 1970s

Luther Christman

Helped establish the national male nurse association in 1974, which because the american assembly for men in nursing in 1981

Professionalization through Organization

Each year has a specific organization that was important when talking about this subject

1893

national league of nursing (NLN) formed

1896

american nurses association (ANA)

american nurses association (ANA)

1. Founded by isabel hampton robb

2. Name changed to ANA in 1911

1899

international council of nurses (ICN)

1908

national association for colored graduate nurses

1971

national black nurses association (NBNA)

national black nurses association (NBNA)

Founded by lauranna sams

1975

national association of hispanic nurses (NAHN)

national association of hispanic nurses (NAHN)

Founded by ildaura murillo-rohde

Henry street settlement (social justice)

1. established in new york city in 1893

2. Founded by lillian wald

3. Purpose : address serious health conditions of immigrants

4. Service : visiting nurses, well-baby clinics, disease prevention, health education, minor illness treatment

5. Still functions today to fight urban poverty

Planned parenthood (social justice)

1. Founded by Margaret Sanger

2. Supporter of eugenics/racism

3. Fought for safe contraceptives and family planning

Black angels (social justice)

300 black nurses cared for tuberculosis patients at sea view hospital (1928-1960)

Jessie sleet scales

served the black community to treat tuberculosis patients

Elizabeth tyler

worked with black patients at the henry street settlement

Together jessie sleet scales and elizabeth tyler established stillman house

1. It was a branch of the henry street settlement

2. It served people of color through community health nursing programs

3. Their courageous activism broke through racial barriers

1917-1930 : The Challenges of the Flu Epidemic, World War 1, and the Early depression ear

1. 1925 : Mary Breckinridge established the frontier nursing service (FNS)

2. FNS became one of the first demonstrations of nurses providing primary health care

3. New research has shown that she was racist

Mary Breckinridge

1. Breckinridge provided the first organized midwifery program in the united states

2. Nurses worked in rural Appalachian mountains to serve needs of poverty stricken residents

3. They traveled by horseback to deliver babies, educate families, and care for the sick