mtel 178 history

Mesopotamia

Meaning "between two rivers" in Greek, Mesopotamia (located in modern-day Iraq, Kuwait and Syria) is considered the birthplace of civilization. The culture that grew up between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is noted for important advancements in literacy, astronomy, agriculture, law, mathematics, architecture and more, despite near-constant warfare. Mesopotamia was also home to the world's first urban cities, including Babylon, Ashur and Akkad.

Fertile Crescent

The "Fertile Crescent," a term coined by University of Chicago Egyptologist James Henry Breasted, refers to a crescent-shaped region in Western Asia. Formed by the Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the Mediterranean Sea, this region gave rise to some of the world's earliest civilizations.

Ancient Greece

During the so-called "Greek Dark Ages" before the Archaic period, people lived scattered throughout Greece in small farming villages. As they grew larger, these villages began to evolve. Some built walls, most built a marketplace (an agora) and a community meeting place.

They developed governments and organized their citizens according to some sort of constitution or set of laws. They raised armies and collected taxes. And every one of these city-states (known as poleis) was said to be protected by a particular god or goddess, to whom the citizens of the polis owed a great deal of reverence, respect and sacrifice. (Athens' deity was Athena, for example; so was Sparta's.)

Roman Empire and Decline

The Provinces of the Roman Empire under Augustus
Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-SA)
The Roman Empire, at its height (c. 117), was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. Building upon the foundation laid by the Roman Republic, the empire became the largest and most powerful political and military entity in the world up to its time and expanded steadily until its fall, in the west, in 476.
By 285, the empire had grown too vast to be ruled from the central government at Rome and so was divided by Emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305) into a Western and an Eastern Empire. The empire began when Augustus Caesar (r. 27 BCE-14 CE) became the first emperor of Rome and ended, in the west, when the last Roman emperor, Romulus Augustulus (r. 475-476), was deposed by the Germanic King Odoacer (r. 476-493). In the east, it continued as the Byzantine Empire until the death of ConstantineXI (r. 1449-1453) and the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453. The influence of the Roman Empire on western civilization was profound in its lasting contributions to virtually every aspect of western culture.

Feudalism

the economic, political, and social system in medieval Europe, in which land, worked by serfswho were bound to it, was held by vassals in exchange for military and other services given to overlords

Magna Carta

Issued in June 1215 and was the first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government was not above the law. It sought to prevent the king from exploiting his power and placed limits on royal authority by establishing law as power in itself.

Clause 39 and 40

On the Magna Carta

Nicolaus Copernicus

A polish astronomer and mathematician known as the father of modern astronomy. He was the first European scientist to propose that the earth and other planets revolve around the sun., the heliocentric theory of the solar system. Also argues that the earth turned daily on its axis and that gradual shifts of this axis accounted for the changing seasons.

Galileo Galilei

Considered the father of modern science and made major contributions to the field of physics, astronomy, cosmology, mathematics, and philosophy. He invented an improved telescope that let him observe and describe the moons of Jupiter, the rings of Saturn, the phases of Venus, sunspots and the rugged lunar surface.

Printing Press

A machine by which texts and images are tramsferred from moveable type paper or other media by means of ink. The most influential inventions of the Age of Revolution. Allowed thousands of copies of all types of written texts and images to be printed quickly and cheaply

Martin Luther

German Theologian and religious reformer who was the catalyst of the 16th century protestant reformation.

The Reformation

A movement by Luther where he reformulated certain basic tenets of Christian belief and resulted in the division of western christendom between Roman Catholicism and the new Protestant traditions. (Mainly lutheran, calvinism, anglicanism, anti-trinitarians, and anabaptists.) This movement began by the posting of the ninety-five thesis on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg. He challenged the Catholic Church's teachings in Europe. These people were opposed to orthodoxy the Catholic church and that individuals could only be saved by personal faith in Jesus Christ and the grade of god. Advocated for printing of the bible in the language of the reader, not Latin.

Elizabethan Age THEATRE

The golden age in English history. The lost colony took place during this age. Refers to Queen Elizabeth I's reign. This age is widely romanticized in books, movies, plays, and TV series. The time that inspired national pride through classic ideals, international expansion, and naval triumph. William Shakespeare and many others composed playsnthat we still read and watch today. Common plays occured at the Globe Theatre such as history, romance, revenge, murder, comedy, snd tragedy. NOT CONNECTED TO RELIGION. It is also an age of exploration and expansion abroad to establish colonies under English rule across the globe, imcluding the New World, to further England's empire.

Queen Elizabeth

Became known as the virgin queen for her reluctance to endanger her authority through marriage. She was one of Englands greatest monarchs who wanted a Potestant chirch unlike her sister who wanted a Catholic one. She strengthened England's Protestant allies and dividing her foes. In 1588, English and Spanish rivalry led to an abortive Spanish invasion of England in which the Spanish Armada, the greatest naval force in the world at the time, was destroyed by storms and a determined English navy. Elizabeth encouraged voyages of discovery such as Sir Francis Drake's circumnavigation of the world and Sir Walter Raleigh's expedition to the North American Coast.

William Shakespeare

English poet dramatist, and actor, considered one of the greatest English writers (1564-1616). He was called the English national poet and considered by many to be the greatest dramtist of all time. Shakespeare occupies a position unique in wolrd literature as his plays are read more often.

Christopher Columbus

An itslian explorer and navigator from the Republic of Genoa who completed four spanish based voyages across the Atlantic ocean sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs. He was determined to find a direct water route west from Europe to Asia but he never did. He never found the Northwest passage because he thought earths circumference was a lot smaller. Instead he found the Americas where millions of people lived already. He had a comtract with the Spanish rulers and got 10% of what he found along with a noble title and the governorship of and lands he encoutners.

Conquistadors and impact

After columbus brought news of the new world back to Europe, many people went to the new world in search of land and riches. The Spanish conquistadors were some of the first men to travel to the new world. They got their name from being both conquistadors and explorers. They were mostly in search of gold and treasure.

Hernan Cortez

one of the first conquistadors who was responsible for conquering the Aztec empire and claiming mexico for spain.

Francisco Pizzaro

explored much of the west coast of South America. In 1532, he conquered the great Ican Empire of Peru and killed the last Incan emporer Atahualpa

Transatlantic Slave Trade

A segment of the global slave trade that transported between 10 million and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic ocean to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century. It was the second of three stages of the triangular trade.

Triangle Trade

Transported arms, textiles, and wine shipped from Europe to Asia, enslaved people from Africa to the Americas, and sugar and coffee from the Americas to Europe.

The Middle Passage

The route of sea going journeys of Africans taken from their Native land, to the shores of Carribbean and America where they invariably destined to an existence of institutional slaver. The journey was one of the most horrific aspects of the morally deporable system of slavery

Mercantilism

An economic system of trade that spanned from the 16th century to the 18th century and was based on an idea that a nations wealth and power were best served by increasing exporte snd trade.

Raw materials

Part of the salve trade. They were sent from the west indies to Europe. They included plant based materials not from a factory

Manufactured goods

Sent from Europe to Africa amd produced from labor and factories

Francis Bacon

The scientific method was invented by him
1. The scientist must start with a set of unprecedented observations (hypothesize)
2. These observations lead to correct generalizations
3. Test to correct and lead to new discoveries


Observation, question, Hypothesize, research, experiment, data, conclusion

Isaac Newton

An English physicist and mathematician famous for his laws of physics. He was a key figure in the scientific revolution of the 17th century. Designed and constructed a reflecting telescope. His law of motion in his book principia which described bodies in motion.
These helped him discover gravity stating that two objects attract each other with a force of gravitational attraction thats proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers - explains how the planets are kept in orbit by the pull of the suns gravity, how the moin revolves around earth and moons jupiter revolves around it.

First Law (Isaac Newton)

a stationary body will stay stationary unless an external force is applied to it

Second Law (Newton)

force is equal to mass times acceleration snd a change in motion is proportional to the force applied

Third Law

for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction

Longitude

Run in north and south direction, measure the distance east or west of the prime meridian.

Latitude

Also known as parlelles that run in an east to west direction. They measure distance north or south of the equator.

Continents and oceans

The seven continents are: Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, South America, Australia, and Antarctica. The five oceans are: the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean, the Arctic Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. 

World biomes

Aquatic, forest, desert, grasslands, and tundra

1620 pilgrims

A few people felt that the Church retained too many practices of the Roman church when Elizabeth changed some things to the Church of England sifferent from RC church. They wanted to return to worshiping in the way early christians had. Some wanted to purify the church snd became known as puritans. Another radical group went even further called separatists such as pilgrims

1929 Massachusetts Bay Colony

One of the original English settlements in present-day Massachusetts settled in 1630 by a group of about 1,000 puritans from England. It was obtained from King Charles I

The 13 colonies

The first states consisting of:

1: Massachusetts
2. Rhode Island
3. New Hampshire
4. New Jersey
5. Connecticut
6. New York
7. Virginia
8. Deleware
9. North Carolina
10. South Carolina
11. Pennsylvania
12. Georgia
13. Maryland
They were a group of British owned colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America during the 17th and 18th century

Road to Revolution

Great Britain had ousted the other European contries from North America and the British were in control. The colonies were subject to British rule, laws, and taxes. Following their victory over France in the French and Indian wars the British were faced with clearing massive war debt. They tried the Peace treaty of paris 1763 to end the war and then additional taxes were levied on the American colonists making the road to revolution. The proclamation of 1763 was designed to appease the native indians by halting westward.

France and Indian wars

Proclamation of 1763

Declaration of Independence

The first formal statement by a nations people asserting their right to choose their own government. This document declared that the United States was free from England and a new Country

Constitution

The law of the United states with amendments and beginning with the bill of rights

1781 Articles of Confederation

An agreement which created a national government on the legislative branch which was comprised of a single house.

1787 U.S constitution

Established Americas national government and fundemental laws and garunteed certain basic rights for its citizens. Signed at constitutional convention and replaced articles of confederation

Legislative Branch

Consists of the house of representstives and the senate; creates the laws; Congress

Judicial Branch

Interprets the laws and consists of the supreme court and other federal courts

Executive Branch

Carries out the laws and consists of the president vice oresident and cabinet

Checks and Balances

Makes sure no one branch has allthe power.

1791 Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the US constitution

1974 cotton gin

Invented by Eli Whitney which was a machie that revolutionized the production of cotton by greatly speeding up the process of removing seeds from cotton fiber.

1850 Fugitive slave act

Passed by congress in 1973 and 1850 amd repealed in 1864. Provided for the seizure and return of runaway slaves who escaped from one state into another or into federsl territory

1861-1864 Civil war

Lincoln is President and South Carolina secedes from the union then followed by Mississippi, florida, alabama, georgia, louisiana and texas.

-Auction and negro sales in Atlanta georgia

-The Confederate states are formed and under Pierre Beauregard open fire with 50 cannons upon fort sumter in charleston south carolina.

Confederacy and Union

Union was north and confederacy was south with slaves

Robert E. Lee

General of the Confederates

Ulysses S Grant

General of the Union

1865-1877 Reconstruction

After the American Civil War which the US grappled with the challenges of reintegrating into the union of the states that had seceded

Progressive Era

A period in the united states during the early 20th century of widespread social activism and politicsl reform across the country that focused on defeating corruption monopoly waste and inefficiency. To make america a better place to live and make business stronger

World War 1

First- Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated
Second- the Austrian government blamed the serbian government and declared war in serbia.
Third- Russia mobilized and supported Austria
Fourth- Germany declared war on Russia not thinking they would abandon serbia
Fifth- Germany declared war on france and german troups poured into belgium under the Schleifflan plan
Sixth- germany did not withdraw from belgium and britain declared war on germany
Seventh- the russian army marched into prussia and were beat
8th- japan declared war on germany through alliance with GB
9- the germans turned attention to russia and took them prisoner
10- turkey entered the war on the side of the central powers and gave help to germany
11-britain france and russia allies granted war on britainp
12- italy enters war on side of allies
13- GO BACK

Central Powers

Germany, Austria, Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria

Allied Powers

France, UK, Russia, Italy, US, and Japan

1929-1941 Great Depression

The stock market crash which siped out both private and corporate nominal wealth and decline in stock prices caused this and was the most severe depression by the industrialized western world.

133-1939 New Deal FDR

A domestic program of the administration of FDR which took action to bring about immediate economic relief as well as reforms in industry, agriculture, finance, waterpower, labour, and housing. Vastly increasing the scope of the federal governments activities. Enacted within the first 3 months of FDR (100 days) and began with alleviating first unemployed workers with workers progress administration civillian conservation corps

Causes of WWII

• treaty of versailles
  - league of nations
  -invasion of poland
  - appeasement
  - Great Depression
  - rise of nazism
  -second sino Japanese war
  -pearl harbour

1933-1945 Holocaust

the genocide of European Jews during World War II

WORLD WAR II

World War II or the Second World War was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies and the Axis powers. Nearly all of the world's countries participated, with many nations mobilising all resources in pursuit of total war.

1954 Domino Theory

A cold war policy that suggested a communist government in one nation would lead to that in neighboring states

1954 brown v board of education

Racial segreation in public schools violated the 14th amendment

1964 civil rights act

Untended to end discrimination based on race color religion or national origin.

1965 Selma March

A political march from Selma Alabama to the states capitol montgomery led by MLK Jr

1965 The voting rights act

Aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented blacks from voting

Reagan Administration

The Reagan administration, led by President Ronald Reagan, enacted significant economic changes through "Reaganomics," which included tax cuts, deregulation, and increased defense spending, leading to both reduced inflation and increased national debt. Key foreign policy actions included a staunchly anti-communist stance, increased military spending, the Reagan Doctrine to counter Soviet influence, and eventual negotiations with the Soviet Union that contributed to the end of the Cold War. 

13th Amendment

Abolish Slavery (all persons born in US are citizens)

15th Amendent

Prohibits denail of voting based on race

Amendment 18

Prohibition

Amendment 19

Women can vote

Amendment 21

Repeal of 18

Amendment 26

Voting age lowered to 18

Amendment 1

Freedom of speech, religion, assembly, and press