nutrition final exam water, major and trace minerals

How would excessive activity of osteoclasts affect bones?

Increased breakdown of bone, making bones weaker and more prone to fractures.

Deficiency of what trace mineral—other than iron—can lead to anemia because of impaired synthesis of hemoglobin? 

Copper

A deficiency of would eventually lead to bleeding gums and pinpoint hemorrhages (red dots) on the skin.

Vitamin C

What factors enhance the absorption of nonheme iron?

Vitamin C, MFP factor(found in meat, fish, poultry) and some acids and sugars.

The coenzyme FAD/FADH₂ contains the B vitamin riboflavin, and the coenzyme NAD/NADH contains the B vitamin niacin. Where do these coenzymes carry hydrogens and electrons from in order to help produce more ATP?

Glucose, fatty acids and amino acids to the electron transport chain.

Deficiency of vitamin B₁₂ can lead to what problems?

Nerve damage that can lead to paralysis, macrocytic anemia, and fatigue.

A vitamin K deficiency could lead to what two problems?

Hemorrhaging and poor blood clotting

Vitamin B₁₂ is found primarily in foods from animals, but what is one plant-based source?

Certain seaweeds.

The functions of vitamin C in the body include?

Collagen synthesis, antioxidant activity and enhances iron absorption

What two vitamins are known to have a positive impact on bone health?

Vitamin D and Vitamin K

What food mentioned in class is highest in vitamin A?

Liver

Deficiency of which B vitamin can lead to microcytic anemia?

Vitamin B6( pyridoxine)

What could lead to lower levels of vitamin D in the body?

Poor dietary intake, low use of sunscreen, significant body coverings, high concentration of melanin in skin, latitude, old age.

Which of the following which would provide the most Vitamin D?

3-ounces of salmon

Excessive beta-carotene intake can lead to what problems?

To yellow-orange discoloration of the skin( carotenemia)

Which two vitamins have a close relationship, such that one vitamin donating its methyl group (-CH₃) activates another vitamin, but also reactivates itself?

Folate and vitamin b12

The blood thinner warfarin (Coumadin®) works by fighting against the action of which vitamin?

Vitamin k

Excessive intake of vitamin E can lead to:

Red blood cell breakdown(hemolysis) and nerve damage

What are food sources of Vitamin D?

Salmon, tuna, other fish, fortified products: milk, juices, margin, yogurt, eggs and mushrooms but only if they are been exposed to UV-B light

Which of the following are trace minerals? Zinc, calcium, potassium, iron, sodium, iodine

Zinc, iron and iodine

  The mineral complex called hydroxyapatite—Ca₁₀(PO₄)(OH₂)—is present where in the body?

bone and teeth

What substances are required for the absorption of vitamin B₁₂?

HCI, pepsin and intrinsic factor

The retinoid called retinal is involved in process(s) in the body?

vision

Excessive intake of the trace mineral ,  and inadequate intake of the major mineral calcium and the could all lead to weaker bones.

Phosphorus, vitamin D

For vitamin D to be activated in the body, which organs must be functioning normally?

Liver and kidneys

What condition would be caused by a primary deficiency of vitamin B₁₂?

Pernicious anemia

Beta-carotene can be converted to in the body.

retinal

What factors enhance calcium absorption?

Vitamin D, stomach acid, lactose and growth hormones.

What are three functions of phosphorus in the body?

Part of dna/Rna, assists in energy metabolism and helps transport lipids in the blood.                                           

How does calcitonin affect Release of calcitonin calcium reabsorption by the kidneys and blood calcium levels?

Inhibits calcium reabsorption from the kidneys back into the blood

How would a high intake of potassium affect blood pressure?

Lowers blood pressure

How does parathyroid hormone impact: calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, osteoclasts, vitamin D

Increase calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, stimulates osteoclasts, and enhance vitamin d activation.

Excessive amounts of this mineral in the body can lead to a brownish ring in the iris of the eye, and it can also cause neurological and psychological problems.

Copper

The likely result of excessive intake of chromium would be:

fatty liver/liver damage

What three technical words could be used to describe anemia from a B₁₂ deficiency? Two begin with M and one begins with P.

Macrocytic, megaloblastic and pernicious

Thyroid hormone contains the trace mineral

Iodine

How can the contaminant mineral lead cause anemia?

interfering with iron absorption and inhibiting the formation of heme which is needed to make hemoglobin.

Excessive intake of fluoride can lead to what three problems?

Dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and may reduce IQ in children.

A severe deficiency of could lead to less bone formation, increased risk for infection, and reduced fertility.

Zinc

A person with osteomalacia would be prescribed which vitamin?

Vitamin D

What are the two main signs of a zinc deficiency discussed in class?

Inhibited growth, loss of taste, impaired immune function and delayed sexual maturation(puberty)

The name of the substance that causes blood vessel constriction, release of antidiuretic hormone, and release of aldosterone, all of which lead to the elevation of blood pressure, is?

Angiotensin II

What can impair iron absorption from food?

Phytates in (soy, nuts, seeds), polyphenols in coffee and tea and oxalates

Spinach is not a good source of calcium, because most of the calcium in spinach is bound to making the calcium unabsorbable.

oxalates

Goiter (enlarged thyroid gland) can be caused by a deficiency of:

Iodine

What is the most abundant substance in the body?

water

The protein that carries iron throughout the body is called:

transferrin

What is the name of the substance that increases blood pressure by causing the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone?

Angiotensin II

How does aldosterone increase blood pressure?

Causing the kidneys to retain sodium and water retention which increase blood volume

What happens to the iron inside mucosal cells that line the intestine if the body is not in need of iron?

It is stored as ferritin in mucosal cells and is shed in feces when the cells die