1. OXYGENATION (HEMATOLOGIC SYSTEM - PLASMA PROTEINS)

What is the study of blood and the disorders related to it?

Hematology

The hematologic system consists of?

- blood

- bone marrow that produces blood cells

- accessory organs like the spleen and liver.

What is a fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to cells while carrying away carbon dioxide and other waste products?

Blood

What is blood considered as?

Both a tissue and a fluid

Why is blood considered a tissue?

it is considered a tissue because it consists of a collection of specialized cells performing specific functions

Why is blood considered a fluid?

it is a fluid because these cells are suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.

What is plasma and its role in blood?

the yellowish fluid portion that makes up about 55% of blood volume and it acts as a carrier for blood cells, nutrients, hormones, waste products, antibodies, clotting proteins, and other essential substances, transporting them throughout the body.

What are the four types of proteins? (A Gay Fag’s Penis)

1. Albumin

2. Globulin

3. Fibrinogen

4. Prothrombin

What is the most abundant circulating protein found in plasma?

Albumin

How is albumin made?

synthesized by liver hepatocytes and rapidly excreted into the bloodstream

How does serum albumin function?

as a significant modulator of plasma oncotic pressure

What is Plasma oncotic pressure?

the pull created by proteins in the blood (mainly albumin) that helps keep water inside the blood vessels instead of leaking into tissues.

Why is albumin administered during trauma such as hypovelemic shock?

Albumin is given to help pull fluid back into the blood vessels and raise blood pressure when a person has lost a lot of fluid, like in shock or after draining fluid from the belly.

What is a colloid fluid (albumin)?

a liquid that contains large proteins, which stay in the blood vessels and help pull water in to increase blood volume and pressure.

What is the normal level of albumin?

3.9 to 4.9 g/dL (grams per deciliter)

Low levels of albumin is caused by?

- kidney disease (filters waste, not protein)

- liver disease (main site of albumin production)

- heart failure

- GI problems

- malnutrition

- burns

- sepsis

High levels of albumin is caused by?

by dehydration and severe diarrhea (Albumin isn't lost in vomit)

What produces globulin proteins?

The human immune system and liver

Globulin proteins make up about 40% of the proteins in your blood, including?

- alpha globulins

- beta globulins

- gamma globulins

What are alpha globulins?

Help transport hormones, vitamins, and enzymes in the blood.

What are beta globulins?

Carry substances like iron and lipids and support immune function.

What are gamma globulins?

Act as antibodies that help defend the body against infections.

What do the globulin proteins do?

These proteins help fight viruses and infections, form blood clots, and maintain the proper functioning of the liver and kidneys.

What is the normal level of globulin?

2.0 to 3.5 g/dL (grams per deciliter)

What does a decreased globulin level mean?

It may indicate a kidney or liver problem, where the body isn't producing or retaining enough globulin proteins.

What does an increased globulin level mean?

It may point to autoimmune diseases, cancer, inflammation, or dehydration, where globulin production is increased or plasma volume is reduced.

What is fibrinogen?

A protein made by the liver that circulates in the blood and helps form blood clots by turning into fibrin, which creates a mesh to stop bleeding.

What is the major structural component of a clot?

340kDa (kilodaltons) hexameric plasma glycoprotein (THIS IS JUST FIBRINOGEN)

What are four types of Fibrinogen disorders?

- Afibrinogenemia

- Hypofibrinogenemia

- Dysfibrinogenemia

- HypoDysfibrinogenemia

What is Afibrinogenemia?

A condition where there is no fibrinogen in the blood.

What is Hypofibrinogenemia?

A condition with low levels of fibrinogen in the blood (less than 150 mg/dL).

What is Dysfibrinogenemia?

Fibrinogen is present, but it is not working properly (functionally abnormal).

What is Hypodysfibrinogenemia?

Fibrinogen is both low in quantity and abnormal in function.

When is fibrinogen replacement needed in congenital (present at birth) disorders?

When a person is born with little or no fibrinogen, like in afibrinogenemia, replacement is needed to help blood clot normally.

Why is fibrinogen replacement needed in massive trauma?

Severe injuries can cause massive bleeding and use up clotting proteins, so fibrinogen is replaced to restore clotting ability and control hemorrhage.

Why is fibrinogen replacement used in DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?

In DIC, widespread clotting uses up fibrinogen, leading to both clotting and bleeding; replacement helps restore balance and support clot formation where needed.

What is the normal level of fibrinogen?

2-4 g/L or 200-400 mg/DL

What is prothrombin?

Prothrombin is a glycoprotein (a compound made of protein and carbohydrate) found in blood plasma and is essential for blood clotting.

How does prothrombin function in clotting?

It is converted into thrombin by factor X (also called prothrombinase), and thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin to form a blood clot along with platelets.

Where is prothrombin made?

It is produced by the liver.

1. What is the first step in the clotting process?

Prothrombin is activated by clotting factor X (also called prothrombinase).

2. What happens to prothrombin after activation?

It is converted into thrombin.

3. What does thrombin do?

Thrombin transforms fibrinogen into fibrin.

4. What does fibrin do in clotting?

Fibrin forms threads that combine with platelets to create a blood clot.

5. (1-5). What is this entire process called?

This is called coagulation, which stops bleeding by forming a stable clot.

What is Prothrombin Time (PT)?

PT is a blood test used to evaluate how well a patient's blood clots by measuring how long it takes plasma to clot after adding thromboplastin.

What does PT measure?

It measures the time (in seconds) it takes for plasma to clot, typically 11 to 13.5 seconds, or is expressed as INR, with a normal range of 0.8 to 1.1.

What is thromboplastin?

A lab reagent containing tissue factor, calcium, and phospholipids used to trigger clotting in the test.

What is INR? (International Normalized Ratio)

The International Normalized Ratio, a standardized way to report PT results across different labs.

What test is PT done with?

PT is often done alongside PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time) to assess how other clotting factors are working.

What is the normal Prothrombin time?

11 - 13.5 seconds

What do increased PT/INR levels mean?

Increased levels mean slower clotting, which may indicate a bleeding tendency or difficulty forming clots.

What do decreased PT/INR levels mean?

Decreased levels mean faster clotting, which may increase the risk of blood clots that can block blood vessels.

What factors can affect PT/INR results?

Warfarin (a blood thinner), liver disease, blood clotting disorders, and vitamin K intake (which helps with clotting) can all influence the results.

Why does warfarin affect PT/INR?

Warfarin slows down clotting by blocking vitamin K, leading to a longer PT and higher INR.

Why does vitamin K affect PT/INR?

Vitamin K helps make clotting factors, so more of it can shorten PT and lower INR.