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Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom
Quantum theory describes an electron probability distribution
The probability of finding an electron at a location is represented by the density of dots at that location.
n
An orbital is a region of space where an electron is most likely to be found
The principal quantum number, n, describes the energy level of the orbital, often called the energy shell
The larger the value of n, the farther from the nucleus the electron will likely be found.
l
Quantum number l designates the shape of the orbital.
There are four shapes of orbitals: s,p,d,f
ml
Quantum number ml designates the orientation of the orbital in space
ms
electrons are in some way able to pair up
Each orbital can therefore hold a maximum of 2 electrons
However, Electrons within the same orbital must have opposite spins
The s Subshell
s orbitals are spherical in shape.The radius of the sphere increases with the value of n.
f l = s shape
ml = 1 orientation
1 orbital per energy level
The p Subshell
For p orbitals, the electron density, and the probability of finding an electron, depends on both the distance and direction from the center of the atom
Almost two opposite facing teardrops
f l = p shape
ml = 3 orientation
3 orbital per energy level
The d Subshell
d orbitals have more complex shapes.
There are 5 possible orientations in space, so there are 5 possible d orbitals.
l = d shape
ml = 5 orientations
5 orbitals per energy level
The f Subshell
There are 7 possible f orbitals.
l = f shape
ml = 7 orientations
7 orbitals per energy level
f n = 1, an electron can only occupy an..
s subshell
f n = 2, an electron can only occupy..
s or p subshells
f n = 3, an electron can only occupy..
s, p, or d subshells
f n = 4, an electron can only occupy..
s, p, d, or f subshells
The s sublevel has just one orbital, so can contain..
2 electrons max
The p sublevel has 3 orbitals, so can contain…
6 electrons max
The d sublevel has 5 orbitals, so can contain…
10 electrons max
The f sublevel has 7 orbitals, so can contain..
14 electrons max
Quantum Numbers Subshells
Orbitals with the same value of n form a shell.
Different orbital types within a shell are subshells.