Quantum Mechanics

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18 Terms

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Quantum-Mechanical Model of the Atom

  • Quantum theory describes an electron probability distribution

  • The probability of finding an electron at a location is represented by the density of dots at that location.

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n

  • An orbital is a region of space where an electron is most likely to be found

  • The principal quantum number, n, describes the energy level of the orbital, often called the energy shell

  • The larger the value of n, the farther from the nucleus the electron will likely be found.

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l

  • Quantum number l designates the shape of the orbital.

  • There are four shapes of orbitals: s,p,d,f

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ml

  • Quantum number ml designates the orientation of the orbital in space

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ms

  • electrons are in some way able to pair up

  • Each orbital can therefore hold a maximum of 2 electrons

  • However, Electrons within the same orbital must have opposite spins

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The s Subshell

  • s orbitals are spherical in shape.The radius of the sphere increases with the value of n.

    • f l = s shape 

         ml = 1 orientation

         1 orbital per energy level 

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The p Subshell

  • For p orbitals, the electron density, and the probability of finding an electron, depends on both the distance and direction from the center of the atom

  • Almost two opposite facing teardrops

    • f l = p shape 

         ml = 3 orientation

         3 orbital per energy level 

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The d Subshell

  • d orbitals have more complex shapes. 

  • There are 5 possible orientations in space, so there are 5 possible d orbitals. 

    • l = d shape 

      ml = 5 orientations

      5 orbitals per energy level

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The f Subshell

  • There are 7 possible f orbitals.

    • l = f shape 

      ml = 7 orientations

      7 orbitals per energy level

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f n = 1, an electron can only occupy an..

s subshell

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f n = 2, an electron can only occupy..

s or p subshells

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f n = 3, an electron can only occupy..

s, p, or d subshells

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f n = 4, an electron can only occupy..

s, p, d, or f subshells

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The s sublevel has just one orbital, so can contain..

2 electrons max

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The p sublevel has 3 orbitals, so can contain…

6 electrons max

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The d sublevel has 5 orbitals, so can contain…

10 electrons max

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The f sublevel has 7 orbitals, so can contain..

14 electrons max

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Quantum Numbers Subshells

  • Orbitals with the same value of n form a shell.

  • Different orbital types within a shell are subshells.