AP Chemistry Memorization List Flashcards

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering AP Chemistry memorization topics including metric and organic prefixes, solubility rules, strong acids/bases, and indicators.

kilo (metric prefix)

Symbol $k$, factor $1 \times 103$, written out as $1000$

deci (metric prefix)

Symbol $d$, factor $1 \times 10-1$, written out as $0.1$

centi (metric prefix)

Symbol $c$, factor $1 \times 10-2$, written out as $0.01$

milli (metric prefix)

Symbol $m$, factor $1 \times 10-3$, written out as $0.001$

micro (metric prefix)

Symbol $\mu$, factor $1 \times 10-6$, written out as $0.000001$

nano (metric prefix)

Symbol $n$, factor $1 \times 10-9$, written out as $0.000000001$

pico (metric prefix)

Symbol $p$, factor $1 \times 10-12$, written out as $0.000000000001$

Covalent Prefixes (1-10)

mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca

Alkanes

Simple hydrocarbons that are a straight chain of carbons surrounded by hydrogens; named with a prefix for the number of carbons and the suffix "-ane"

Meth-

Organic prefix for $1$ carbon

Eth-

Organic prefix for $2$ carbons

Prop-

Organic prefix for $3$ carbons

But-

Organic prefix for $4$ carbons

Pent-

Organic prefix for $5$ carbons

Hex-

Organic prefix for $6$ carbons

Hept-

Organic prefix for $7$ carbons

Oct-

Organic prefix for $8$ carbons

Non-

Organic prefix for $9$ carbons

Dec-

Organic prefix for $10$ carbons

Diatomic elements standard conditions

Gases: $H_2$, $N_2$, $O_2$, $F_2$, $Cl_2$; Liquid: $Br_2$; Solid: $I_2$ (mnemonic: BrINClHOF)

Standard conditions metal exceptions

Most metals are solids; mercury is a liquid

Always Soluble Ions

Alkali Metals ($Li^+$, $Na^+$, $K^+$, $Rb^+$, $Cs^+$), Ammonium ($NH_4^+$), Chlorate ($ClO_3^-$), Nitrate ($NO_3^-$), Perchlorate ($ClO_4^-$), and Acetate ($C_2H_3O_2^-$ or $CH_3COO^-$)

Chloride, Bromide, Iodide Solubillity

Generally soluble except when paired with $Cu^+$, $Hg_2^{2+}$, $Ag^+$, or $Pb^{2+}$ (CHAP)

Sulfate ($SO_4^{2-}$) Solubility Exceptions

Insoluble when paired with $Ca^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$, $Sr^{2+}$, or $Pb^{2+ }$ (CaBaS…P); sometimes $Ag^+$

Hydroxide ($OH^-$) Solubility

Generally insoluble except with Alkali Metals (IA), $Ca^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$, or $Sr^{2+}$

The 7 Strong Acids

$H_2SO_4$ (first $H$), $HNO_3$, $HCl$, $HClO_4$, $HClO_3$, $HBr$, and $HI$

The 8 Strong Bases

$LiOH$, $NaOH$, $KOH$, $RbOH$, $CsOH$, $Ca(OH)_2$, $Ba(OH)_2$, and $Sr(OH)_2$

Phenolphthalein

Colorless at $pH < 7$ to Pink at $pH > 8$ (when $OH^-$ is present)

Red Litmus paper

Turns purple-blue in alkaline solution

Blue Litmus paper

Turns pink-red in acidic solution

Unstable Product: $NH_4OH(aq)$

$$NH_4OH(aq) \rightarrow H_2O(l) + NH_3(g)$$

Unstable Product: $H_2CO_3(aq)$

$$H_2CO_3(aq) \rightarrow H_2O(l) + CO_2(g)$$

Unstable Product: $H_2SO_3(aq)$

$$H_2SO_3(aq) \rightarrow H_2O(l) + SO_2(g)$$

$H_3PO_4$ Anhydride

$$P_2O_5$$

$H_2SO_4$ Anhydride

$$SO_3$$

$HNO_3$ Anhydride

$NO_2$ or $N_2O_5$