EXAM 1 & 2 - Biology 115 (Rutgers)

A part of the below pictured molecule is highlighted with a shaded box. IDENTIFY which of the following pairs of terms describe JUST the highlighted area?

O

||

HO-C

carboxyl, polar

Compare and contrast oxidation and reduction reactions. Which of the following statements is/are TRUE about the following reaction?C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP

I. C6H12O6 is oxidized.

II. CO2 is oxidized.

III. C6H12O6 is a polymer.

IV. This reaction results in -?G

V. This reaction results in +?G

C6H12O6 is oxidized & This reaction results in -?G

Stanley Miller's famous experiment was designed to simulate early conditions on planet Earth. Recently, research has shown that the levels of oxygen on early earth were much higher than the levels that Miller used in his experiment. Using the above information, HYPOTHESIZE which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The data that Miller collected are no longer valid.

B. Miller's theory is no longer considered true

C. The initial hypothesis that Miller based his experiment on needs to be revised.

D. Miller's experiment is no longer of scientific value.

The initial hypothesis that Miller based his experiment on needs to be revised.

IDENTIFY which of the following contain of potential energy?

I. ATP

II. glucose

III. dynamic equilibrium

IV. cohesion

V. FADH2

ATP, glucose, and FADH2

Sequence major events in the evolution of life. Place the following evolutionary developments in the history of life in the CORRECT sequence in which they appeared starting with prokaryotic cells.

I. Photosynthetic autotrophy

II. Eukaryotic cells

III. Multicellularity

IV. Terrestrial animals

Photosynthetic autotrophy --> Eukaryotic cells --> Multicellularity --> Terrestial Animals

Compare and contrast macromolecules. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids are normal components of the human diet. features do all three of these molecules have in common?

I. They are organic molecules.

II. They can form polymers.

III. They are primarily amphipathic.

IV. Their subunits are joined by covalent bonds.

V. They can be synthesized by dehydration reactions.

I, IV, V

Compare and contrast types of bonds. Which statement describes both peptide bonds and ester linkages?

They are examples of covalent bonds.

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following is/are found in ALL cells?

Plasma membrane, ribosomes, genetic material, and cytosol

Hypothesize which of the following would NOT occur if a chloroplast was missing all the enzymes in its stroma.

Calvin cycle

Compare receptor-mediated endocytosis and facilitated diffusion. Describes how the two processes differ?

Only receptor-mediated endocytosis results in the formation of a vesicle

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Which of the following Domains contain cells with ribosomes?

Archae, Bacteria and Eukarya

HYPOTHESIZE why oxygen is detrimental to the spontaneous formation of organic monomers.

It is an oxidizing agent

Dr. Schwab uses a radioactive marker to label the phospholipids in the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. She is also able to track the movement of the marker through the cell. If the cell is functioning normally, HYPOTHESIZE where these labeled phospholipids could eventually end up in the cell.

nucleus, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes

During the process of eukaryotic aerobic respiration, excited electrons enter the mitochondria in a molecule of ________________ and they exit the cell bound to a molecule of ________________.

pyruvate, water

Sequence major events in the evolution of life. Which of the following characteristics of some organelles support the theory of endosymbiosis?

They have their own DNA; they divide via binary fission; They are surrounded by a double membrane

IDENTFY which of the following processes the terms oxidation and reductions refer to.

movement of electrons between atoms

IDENTIFY Which of the following is a reactant in carbon fixation reactions?

RuBP

Compare and contrast the properties of water. Water spreads through hydrophilic materials due to capillary action. This is primarily due to which property of water molecules?

Adhesion

Which stages of cellular respiration produce NADH?

Glycolysis, Pyruvate oxidation, and citric acid cycle

IDENTIFY which of the following is TRUE regarding the sodium potassium pump?

transports ions against the concentration gradient

Which of the following are true regarding glycolysis?

I. Energy is required for the payoff phase

II. The investment phase is endergonic

III. The payoff phase is exergonic

IV. Overall, glycolysis is endergonic

II & III

IDENTIFY where in plants cells is the electron transport chain for respiration located.

Inner mitochondrial membrane

IDENTIFY which of the following functional groups is/are found in ALL amino acids?

I. - OH

II. - NH2

III. - OPO3^(2-)

IV. - COOH

II & IV

An unidentified substance consisting of one type of molecule has been added to water. You observe that it will not mix with water and does not dissolve. HYPOTHESIZE which statement most likely describes this substance?

It is nonionic and nonpolar.

IDENTIFY Which of the following is NOT an emergent property of water?

A. Polarity

B. High heat of vaporization

C. Its molecular mass of 18 Daltons

D. Cohesion

Its molecular mass of 18 Daltons

Sequence CORRECTLY the flow of electrons during photosynthesis.

I. Reduction of carbon molecule to G3P.

II. ADP is phosphorylated to ATP.

III. Photon o f light strikes PSII and excites an electron.

IV. NADP+ reductase accepts electrons from Ferredoxin (Fd).

V. Photon of light strikes PSI and excites an electron.

III --> II --> V --> IV --> I

Compare and contrast the properties of water. When a hydrogen bond is formed between two water molecules, the bond forms between the ________________ oxygen and the _____________ hydrogen molecules.

partially negatively charged, partially positively charged

Recently, a nuclear power plant was built close to the home of some cold-water bacteria in the Arctic. The bacteria normally live at temperatures between 0 and 5 degrees Celsius, but the out-flow from the plant will warm the water to a much higher temperature; possibly to over 10 degrees Celsius. What is a likely outcome for the bacteria if the environmental temperature is raised above a range they can tolerate?

The tertiary structure of the bacterial enzymes will change

Long Term Potentiation (LTP) can last for days or weeks in dissected tissue. In order to achieve LTP, IDENTFY which learning strategies should you, as a student, employ?

1. Taking active notes in lecture.

2. Pre-skimming the readings from the textbook.

3. Actively working with the material from class and workshop on a regular basis.

Compare and contrast anabolic and catabolic reactions. A reaction that results in an overall negative change in Gibbs free energy (-∆G) is.

1. Catabolic

2. Exergonic

3. Releasing energy

IDENTIFY Which of the following statements are TRUE regarding aerobic respiration?

I. The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

II. NADH is oxidized by proteins on inner mitochondrial membrane

III. FAD+ is reduced during the citric acid cycle

IV. ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation

I, II, III, and IV (all are true)

Sequence photosynthesis. During the light reaction, ATP synthase produces ATP when hydrogen ions:

follow their concentration gradient

Sequence major events in the evolution of life. Congratulations! You have constructed a time machine and, as an enthusiastic biologist, are travelling back to witness key events in the history of life on earth. On your first stop, all the organisms were single-celled and there was only a very small amount of oxygen in the atmosphere. You jump forward in time and on your second stop find that organisms are still single-celled, but now there are many types of cells and some have internal membranes and mitochondria. What event occurred between your first and second stops?

Endosymbiosis

After a long vacation this summer, you come home and realize that you had forgotten to move your plants outside before you left. As a result, the plants had been sitting in a dark closet for over a month and did not survive.

HYPOTHESIZE how the lack of sunlight effected your plants.

ATP and NADPH were not produced and therefore no sugar could be produced.

IDENTIFY which of the following structures contains DNA.

A. primary lysosomes

B. plasma membrane proteins

C. nuclear envelope

D. central vacuole

Nuclear envelope

IDENTIFY the term that describes the ability of the human brain to form new connections throughout life.

A. encoding

B. recall

C. neuronal plasticity

D. Long Term Potentiation (LTP)

Neuronal plasticity

IDENTIFY which of the following are UNABLE to move through a phospholipid bilayer via simple diffusion?

A. Nonpolar gasses like CO2

B. Small polar molecules like H2O

C. Hydrocarbons

D. Large polar molecules like glucose

Large polar molecules like glucose

Compare and contrast types of membrane transport. Which of the following types of transport move substances BOTH through a membrane and AGAINST the concentration gradient?

A. osmosis

B. facilitated diffusion

C. protein pumps

D. exocytosis

protein pumps

Compare and contrast photosynthesis and respiration. Which of the following occur during BOTH aerobic respiration and photosynthesis?

I. Protons are pumped across a membrane

II. ATP are produced

III. Electrons move down an electron transport chain

IV. Energy is converted from one form to another

V. Protons (H+) diffuse through ATP synthase

All of them are true

HYPOTHESIZE would be the direct result of competitively inhibiting the enzyme that hydrolyzes NADH?

ATP synthase be unable to phosphorylate ADP.

Sleeping sickness is a single-celled infectious disease that is carried by Tsetse flies. It is characterized by the presence of DNA, a plasma membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes. Based on this information, HYPOTHESIZE which of the following MUST also be TRUE about this species?

It has a Golgi apparatus

Identify which of the following is NOT required for abiotic synthesis?

A. source of hydrogen and water

B. time

C. an oxygen-rich atmosphere

D. high levels of energy

an oxygen-rich atmosphere

Compare and contrast macromolecules. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY describe triglycerides and proteins?

I. They are monomers.

II. They are biological molecules.

III. Their quaternary structure results in a specific 3-dimensional shape.

IV. Their synthesis involves dehydration reactions.

II & IV

During aerobic respiration, protein complexes I, III, and IV pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the:

A. cytoplasm

B. matrix

C. stroma

D. intermembrane space

intermembrane space

HYPOTHESIZE what functions or characteristics would be impeded if all proteins were removed from a eukaryotic cell membrane?

I. Signal transduction to the cytoplasm

II. Transport of small hydrophobic molecules across the membrane

III. Transport of ions across the membrane

IV. Cell-cell recognition

I, III & IV

Polar bears are animals that live in very cold climates and their paws are routinely in contact with ice and snow. Despite this, the membranes of the cells in their feet do not solidify.HYPOTHESIZE Which statement is the best explanation for this adaptation?

A. There are many unsaturated fats in the cell membrane of the paws.

B. Polar bear cell membranes have evolved to contain no phospholipids.

C. Only one hydrocarbon is attached to each glycerol in most of their lipids.

D. Most of the fatty acids in the membrane are short chains.

A. There are many unsaturated fats in the cell membrane of the paws.

Correctly SEQUENCE the following steps of long-term memory formation and use in the correct order.

I. retrieval into working memory

II. stimulus

III. encoding into long-term memory

IV. encoding into short-term memory

1. stimulus

2. encoding into short-term memory

3. encoding into long-term memory

4. retrieval into working memory

Apply genetic crosses. Progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) is a recessive trait in dogs that results blindness. What is the probability that the offspring of two homozygous recessive parents will be heterozygous?

0%

Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. Which statements describe BOTH?

I. It is formed from nucleoside triphosphates

II. Each monomer contains both a sugar and phosphate group

III. It can be found in the nucleus

IV. It can act as an enzyme

I, II, and III

Correctly SEQUENCE events in a Eukaryotic cell starting with a strand of DNA.

I. newly formed pre-mRNA is formed

II. exons are spliced together

III. mRNA leaves the nucleus

IV. RNA polymerase binds to template strand

1. RNA polymerase binds to template strand

2. newly formed pre-mRNA is formed

3. exons are spliced together

4. mRNA leaves the nuclelus

Compare and contrast gene regulation. Which of the following contribute(s) to gene regulation in prokaryotes but NOT Eukaryotes?

I. Operons

II. Promoters

III. Alternative RNA splicing

Operons

Identify which of the following are factors that make the analysis of human genetics difficult?

I. Few offspring

II. Unethical to experiment on humans

III. Long generation time

IV. A small number of observable characters

I, II & III

Hypothesize patterns of inheritance. Two different genes that are located next to each other on the same chromosome are likely:

LINKED

Sequence general life cycles. Which process is responsible for changing ploidy from haploid to diploid?

fertilization

Identify which of the following statements regarding life cycles is TRUE?

A. Cytokinesis only occurs in animal and fungal cells

B. Only animal cells make identical copies of their DNA during S phase

C. Only Eukaryotes undergo mitosis

D. Mitosis is a form of sexual reproduction in some eukaryotes

Only Eukaryotes undergo mitosis

Calculate the probability that a male who is phenotypically normal and a female who carries an X-linked recessive trait has a child that is female AND she is a carrier for this trait?

0.25