Socio-cultural influences

what are the technologies impact on performers

adv- improve performance, performers can use technology to ask officials to review decisions that go against them. Disadv- technology is pricey, too many reviews can disrpt play and put the perfromer at a psychological disadvantage.

How does gender affect participation

\- boys and men are more likely to engage in sport than girls and women.

* Discrimination has often meant that women are seen as the 'weaker sex'.
* not allowed to compete in the same competitions
* some sports are seen as 'traditionally male'

How does media affect womens participation in sport

sports played by women are less likely to get media coverage as male sports. and, when they do it is normally on how they look and her personal life then on her sporting achievements

How does pay affect women in sport

The amount of money recieved by elite female performers doesn't match the amount that men make.

How does free time affect women in sport

alongside work women traditionally have to look after the children and cook, and clean so have less time for sports than men.

How does role model affect women in sport

there are fewer female role models, when young people have more role models they are more likely to get into sport.

How does stereotyping affect certain affect certain ethnic groups

Data shows that participation from ethnic minority groups is limited to sports traditionally associated with that ethnic group. Also while minority ethnic groups are generally well represented in pro sport, this generally doesn't translate to participation among the general population. the number of pro captains, managers and coaches from ethnic minority groups is low

How does cultural and religion affect participation in sport

some religions have days when people fast, days when food take is very limited and it is difficult to take part in physical activity when energy levals are low, also dress codes can make participation more challenging

when does participation is sport and physical activty peak

between the ages of 16 and 25 when people have more free time

Why does physical activity decline when people work

many people have little free time and disposable income to spend on physcial activities as they focus on their careers and familly.

Why does age affect participation

flexibility decreases with age strength begins to decrease from around the age of 40 tidal and stroke volume decreases with age this makes it harder to get blood to the working muscles. the older you are the more likely you are to suffer from ill-health. older people are more likely to suffer from injuries the body's ability to take in and use o2 decreases by 1% after the age of 25. skill levals improve with age and experiance.

How does family affect participation in sport

If family members are in favour of sport they will pass this positive influence onto the rest of their family. However if they have negative views it can act a a barrier against sport.

How do family members affect providing equipment

Many sports require specialised equipment this can be expesnive and financial support from family members can help pay for it.

How does providing transport come from families

travelling to training and competitions is one of the major barriers to participation for young people and family members can help pay for transport or take them by car.

How can becoming a role model come from famillies

when one family member participates in sport it makes other family members are more likely to participate in sport

How do friends and peers influence participation

they have a very powerful infulence on your choices you make. Peer pressure can be positive and negative

What are barriers are there to people with disabilities

\- limited number of teachers and coaches

* not all facilities are adapted to cater for people with disabilities
* they may be reliant on disability beneffits which limits their available disposible income
* travel issues

What will improved media coverage achieve

inspire more people to get involved and partake

What is a sponsor

An induvidual, group, usually a company, which provides support to an event, activity, person on organisations.

What three forms can sponsorship take

Financial Clothing, equipment and footwear facilities

What are the positive impacts of sponsorship and the media on the performer

\- more money to pay higher wages

* Being in the media spotlight can turn performers into heroes and role models
* more money available to pay for new and technologically advanced kit, equipment and faciities or it might be free.
* more money to pay for better coaching and training programmes.
* more competitions increase the standard of competition nationally and helping increase the teams profile.

What are the negative impacts of sponsorship and the media on the performer

\- increase the pressure to perform and reduce enjoyment

* the mistakes that are made are made public
* they have to maintain appeal to the sponsors and media, distracting them from training.
* they can focus too much on their personal lives
* more comps mean more training and injury
* women are payed less

What are the positive impacts of sponsorship and the media on the officials

\- can turn them into heros

* the more money there is in sport the more professional the role of the official becomes

What are the negative impacts of sponsorship and the media on the officials

\- increase pressure to make correct decisions

* mistakes are made public

What are the positive impacts of sponsorship and the media on the sport

\- the interest in highlighted sports can increase participation.

* more money to support grass root participation
* more money available for teams
* prize funds and rewards are bigger
* more money to spend on technological developmemts
* more comps so it increases the reach of sport
* more role models

What are the negative impacts of sponsorship and the media on the sport

\- rules can be changed to meet media requirements

* over exposure can cause people to loose interest in sport
* sport can become over dependant on the money they recieve from the media and from supports, with disasterous results
* sponsors may sell products that premote poor lifestyle

What are the positive impacts of sponsorship and the media on the audience

\- events are scheduled so that people can watch them on TV or the internet.

* commentary which isn't available to a spectator watching live educates the viewer.
* the media provides information about the results, fixtures and rankings
* more comps give spectators the opportunities to watch their sport lives.
* makes spectators feel more involved in the lives of their role models
* good quality facilities make people more comfortable for the spectators

What are the negative impacts of sponsorship and the media on the spectator

\- the timings are sometimes changed to suit worldwide audiences meaning the performers sometimes have to perform late at night.

* more people stay at home
* sports need subscription to watch making it pricey
* tickets and merch is expensive
* the more popular a sport gets the more difficult it gets to get hold of tickets.

What are the positive impacts of sponsorship and the media on the sponsor

\- the sponsors name is linked to a positive, healthy, triumphant activity or performer.

* the sponsor's name is advertised

What are the negative impacts of sponsorship and the media on the sponsor

if a sponsor links their name to a sport, team or performer that is hit by scandal, it can have damaging reputations.

What is hawkeye

this computer system uses several cameras to track the flight of the ball and other things helps with decision making cricket and tennis

What is performance analysis aids

wearable technology that monitors fitness or records performers movements on a pitch, or a field and softwear programmes such as dartfish and kandle that use cameras to capture movement. The data captured can be used to analyise of an induvidual performer.

What can TV match officials do

Also known as 'video refs' used in rugby, football and cricket to review decisions

what are the technologies impact on sport

adv - makes comp fairer, guarentees correct decisions are made dis - disrupt play and annoy performers

what are the technologies impact on officials

adv - provides officials with additional help, officilas can communicate using mics, reinforces and confirms good decisions dis - can undermine them, may become to reliant

what are the technologies impact on spectators

adv - can see hoe decisions are made, confidence that decisions is fair, add to tension dis - can cause problems if the spectators at home have availabilties to tech that the official doesn't and then the official makes the wrong decision

what are the technologies impact on sponsor

adv- ensures fair play and helps the sport project a good image dis - not available at all levels of sport

What is etiquette

a convention or unwritten rule in an activity, it's not an enforceable rule but it is usually observed. e.g - when the football is kicked out of play by the opposite team so an injured player can recieve treatment

What is sportsmanship

Conforming to the rules, spirit and etiquette of a sport. e.g - in cricket the batter is expected to walk

What is gamesmanship

Bending the rules to gain an unfair advantage. e.g - time waisting

What is contract to compete

an unwritten agreement between opponents to follow and abide by the written and unwritten rules of the sport

What three groups can PEDS be divided into

1\. substances that are prohibited. 2. methods that are prohibited 3. legally prescribed drugs, whose use by sports performers is restricted.

What are stimulants

affect the CNS increasing mental and phsyical alertness and reducing fatigue. used by cyclist to maintain performance

What are the side affects of stimulants

\- headaches

* risk of high blood pressure
* risk of stroke
* risk of irregular heartbeat
* risk of anxiety and tremors
* addictive and overdose could be fatal
* mask sighns of serious illness
* cause poor judgement which can lead to accidents

What is narcotic analgestics

reduce feelings of pain

What are the side effects of narctotic analgesics

\- slow down gaseous exchange

* may lead to futher injury
* increased risk of of constipation
* increased risk of apathy
* addictive

What are anabolic steroids

synthetic variants of the male hormone testosterone premote muscle and bone growth as well as reducing recovery time

What are the side effects of anabolic steroids

\- risk of infertility

* risk of injury
* risk of disease
* risk of hair loss
* risk of high blood pressure, heart attack and disease
* effects emotional health
* risk of enlarged breasts in men
* risk of lower voice and facial hair in women

what is peptide hormones

stimulates production of erythropoietin EPO regulates the production of red blood cells and therefore oxygen carrying capabilities

What are the side effects of peptide hormones

\- blood gets thicker

* risk of heart attack and a block of blood vessles and stroke

What is a diuretic

A substance that promotes the production of urine this means a performer can loose weight quickly

What are the side effects of diuretic drugs

\- risk of dehydration

* risk of kindey/heart failure
* risk of muscle cramps
* risk of headaches
* risk of dizziness

What is blood doping

the blood is frozen and the injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event in an attempt to enhance athletic performance.

What are the side effects of blood doping

\- thicker blood

* risk of heart attack
* risk of infection
* risk of embolism
* risk of stroke

What is a beta blocker

\- reduces heart rate, muscle tension and blood pressure

* reduce the effect of adreneline
they steady the nerves and have a calming and relaxing effect

What are the side effects of beta blockers

Nausea, tiredness and weakness, heart problems

What are the advanatges of PED's

\- increased chance of sucsess

* sucsess leads to fame and fortune
* some performers belives taking PEDS leads to levaling the playing field

What are the disadvantages of taking PEDS

Cheating, immoral, health risks, fines, bans, damage to reputation, credibility

What is hooliganism

Disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour by spectators at sporting events.

What are the reasons for hooliganism

Rivalary between two teams This is often picked up by news and hyped to increase sales Alcohol/drugs Hypermasculine behaviour Gangs Frustration of decisions

What are the positive influences of hooliganism

\- energetic atmosphere

* home field advantage
* increase profile of sport

What are the negative influences of hooliganism

\- added pressure

* they can scare of younger performers
* cause crowed trouble
* cost alot of money to manage large rowdy crowds and ensure they stay safe.

Stratagies to combat hooliganism and poor behaviour by spectators

\- early kick of to reduce alcohol

* eductating spectators
* travel restrictions
* banning orders
* alcohol restrictions
* improved security
* seggregation of fans
* all-seater stadia