A&P 2 Written Final

Good luck, everyone!

Which stratum of the epidermis is most superficial?

Stratum corneum

Which of these is anchored directly to the subcutaneous layer?

The reticular dermis

The layer of the epidermis that consists of a row of constantly dividing cells is  the stratum ___

Basale

The concept of "specificity of action" refers to the fact that hormones affect target cells that have ____ for that hormone.

Receptors

Which stratum of the epidermis is only found in "thick" skin?

Lucidium

Briefly describe one difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Endocrine glands produce chemicals inward and into the body. Exocrine glands produce chemicals outward and out of the body.

The upper region of the dermis, just deep to the epidermis is known as the ____ region.

papillary

Briefly describe ONE difference between the way the endocrine system and the nervous system control body functions.

The nervous system is in charge of nerves, such as physically responding to stimuli. The endocrine system is in charge of maintaining homeostasis, such as thermoregulation. 

Name a specific exocrine (not endocrine) gland and its product.

Sebaceous gland, sebum

The receptor most likely to be involved in detecting a mosquito landing on the skin is a:

hair root plexus

T3 and T4 are triggered to be released in response to a tropic hormone produced in the: 

anterior pituitary

Which hormone lowers blood calcium levels?

Calcitonin

The epidermis would be considered a form of which basic type of tissue?

Epithelial

Other than feedback control, name another mechanism to control hormone levels in the blood.

nervous system control or external cues/rhythms

What is one function of the subcutaneous layer?

anchor the skin to underlying structures like bone or muscle or to store fat.

Where is the hormone prolactin produced?

The anterior pituitary

Which type of hair is most prevalent in the skin of an adult female?

Vellus

The most superficial portion of the skin where capillaries would be found is the:

papillary dermis

Which cutaneous receptor is most closely associated with the sensation of deep pressure?

Pacinian corpuscle

Which of the following would be least likely to be associated with a hair?

Eccrine glands

Of which protein are nails composed?

Keratin

The hormone that stimulates sodium reabsorption by the kidneys is ___

Aldosterone

What hormone influences appetite suppression?

Leptin

What hormone influences water reabsorption

ADH

What hormone influences uterine contractions

Oxytocin

What hormone influences hunger stimulation

Ghrelin

What hormone influences fight-or-flight responses?

Norepinephrine

The pigment primarily responsible for blonde or red hair is:

pheomelanin

Which type of epidermal cell was mentioned as having a role in immune responses?

Langerhan's

Which hormone lowers blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Which artery runs alongside the tibial nerve in the lower leg?

Posterior tibial artery

Which type of blood vessels were described as serving as a "blood reservoir"?

Veins

The volume of blood pumped per ventricle per minute is referred to as:

cardiac output

In which type of vessel would vasoconstriction/dilation regulate blood pressure?

Arterioles

Which valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle?

Tricuspid

Heart muscle could be described as all of the following EXCEPT:

smooth

Which portion of the cardiac conduction system would typically initiate an impulse to trigger heart contraction?

SA Node

Which long superficial vessel from your list would be seen in both the leg and thigh cross sections?

great saphenous vein

In which type of vessel would valves be found?

Veins

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle?

myocardium

Name a specific blood vessel from your list of selected vessels that most directly supplies oxygen to the brain.

Internal carotid artery

Name a vein from your list of selected vessels that carries oxygen-rich blood.

Pulmonary veins

In which type of vessel would pressure be the lowest?

Veins

Which test would be most likely used to detect an arrhythmia?

Electrocardiogram

In which type of vessel would velocity be the slowest?

Capillaries

The right subclavian artery emerges from which larger vessel?

Brachiocephalic artery

The heart chamber with the greatest workload would be the:

Left ventricle

What is the major determining factor about blood vessels that regularly changes resistance to blood flow?

The width and/or dilation

Name one function of the pericardium.

Anchors the heart

In which type of vessel would pressure be the highest?

Arteries

In a cardiac cycle, the phase of chamber relaxation is referred to as ___

diastolic

What valve does the inferior vena cava interact with?

Right atrium

What valve does the aorta interact with?

Left ventricle

What valve does the pulmonary trunk interact with?

Right ventricle

What valve does the pulmonary veins interact with?

Left atrium

What blood vessel is located posterior to the knee?

Popliteal artery

What blood vessel leads into the subclavian vein ?

Axillary vein

What blood vessel could be measured from the neck for a pulse?

Carotid artery

What blood vessel passes through the diaphragm?

inferior vena cava

What blood vessel is used to draw blood?

median cubital vein

Describe two separate differences between B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes:

B lymphocytes stay in red bone marrow and become immunocompetent. Their alternate form is plasma cells.

T lymphocytes migrate from red blood marrow to the thymus to mature. They can either be cytotoxic or helper cells. 

What makes lymph flow?

Skeletal muscle contraction

Which type of cell may leave the blood to become “fixed” in tissues as a macrophage?

monocyte

Which lymphatic organ would be located posterior to the sternum?

Thymus

Which cell has a role in hemostasis

Platelet

What is the approximate lifespan of erythrocytes?

120 days

What is the lifespan of most white blood cells?

1-2 days

What is the Approximate lifespan of platelets?

5-9 days

What is the Percentage of formed elements that are RBCs?

99

What is the Percentage of plasma constituted by water?

90

What is an example of a “secondary” lymphatic organ/tissue?

spleen

The thoracic duct drains lymph from all of these areas EXCEPT:

Right arm

Which of the following cells functions as a phagocyte?

Neutrophil

The majority of blood volume is made up of:

Plasma

Which type of formed element is typically most numerous?

Red blood cells

Which type of lymphocyte acts non-specifically?

NK Cell

Name another specific body fluid to which lymph is nearly identical.

Plasma

Name one specific substance that typically would not leave the blood to become interstitial fluid.

Red blood cells

The specific vessels known as “lymphatic trunks” would most closely resemble which type of blood vessel?

veins

Name a nonspecific (innate) immune mechanism that would fit into the following categories.  You are providing two answers.

A. Mechanical/physical

B. Chemical

Mechanical/physical could include the skin, mucous membranes, hair, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea and others.

Chemical would be gastric pH, vaginal pH, and lysozyme among other

Into which veins do the lymph ducts enter?

Subclavian

Which type of cell would typically NOT be found in a lymph node?

neutrophil

Name two specific substances found in saliva

Salivary and lysozyme

The common bile duct and pancreatic duct may either merge or stay separate before they enter which part of the small intestine?

Duodenum

Where in the digestive system does significant chemical digestion of proteins begin?

stomach

The site where the greatest volume of water is typically absorbed is the:

small intestine

What substance is secreted by both the esophagus and pharynx?

Mucus

How many layers of smooth muscle make up the muscularis of the stomach?

3

Where is bile stored and concentrated?

gallbladder

All of the following are parts of the small intestine EXCEPT:

Pylorus

What is the collective name for the membrane that consists of the mesentery, greater omentum, lesser omentum and falciform ligament?

peritoneum

Name one muscle of:

A. Inhalation

B. Exhalation

A: diaphragm B: Rectus abdominis

What are the “bulges” in the large intestine?

Haustra

What are the “flaps” in the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Conchae

What are hair-like projections in the trachea?

Cilia

What are the folds in the walls of the stoomach?

Rugae

What are the spaces in the lateral walls of the nasal cavity?

Meati

The vocal folds (cords) are located in which respiratory structure?

Larynx

Which of these would be the primary site for the chemical digestion of lipids?

Small intestine

The gallbladder is tucked under which lobe of the liver?

Right