7. Charles II 1660-85

poo poo pee pee

what was the delcaration of breda

declaration that if KCII was restored, he would rule as as traditional monarch through p, pay army arrears, and pardon subjects

what was the first p under KCii called and what was it makeup

Convention p, established through free election apr 1660, included far more royalists and conservatives than any parliament since 1648, temporary and only planned to help with restoration

what was religion like in the convention p

mostly moderate Presbyterian

how did the parliamentarians feel about the restoration

mostly happy but aimed to restrict KCii’s power before he took the throne to less than what his dad had, believed that if restoration was inevitable as the protectorate was not stable enough to last, they should be in favor of getting on the good side of the king and were so desperate for stability they didn’t change much in terms of his power

what were the main issues KCii faced hen he first gained the throne

pardoning the right people,
sold crown land settlements,
the army,
writing a new constitution,
crown finance,
religion

what was the Indemnity Act

1660, royalists called for vengeance but this gave most parliamentarians a pardon, apart from those seen as a threat to the monarchy

what happened with crownlands after KCi’s death

they were sold off, KCii didn’t want to upset the parlimentarians who had helped his restoration who had old crown land so left it to p who flopped and gave all old crown lands back to KCii by excluding those who bought the land from the indemnity act

what happened to the army after 1660

paid arrears, then convention p disbanded the army

what was in KCii’s new constitution

confirmed parliamentary privileges, reinstated the house of Lords, confirmed Magna Carta, and legislation brought in by Long p that had been removed since

how did KCii manage crown finance at the start of his reign

granted T&P and customs for life

granted up to £1.2 million a year for govt costs through tax, twice as muchas KCi was given but in effect normally only raised £400,000 a year and proved insufficient

left KCii dependant on P for money and as a result, made it necessary to call p every year for most of his reign

kcii was given crown lands back by excluding their new owners from indeminity act

what was the Hearth Tax

introduced 1662, attempted to gain KCii more money but did little to help

what kind of religious policy did KCii implement at the start of his reign

CofE restored and didn’t include any non-conformists like Quakers or m=even moderate Presbyterians

what was the Cavalier P

1661-79, ran after the convention P that was temporarily set up for the restoration of KCii, MPs wanted to return to normalsey and only really wanted to discuss smaller things relating to their individual smaller issues, however did not want KCii to become absolute

what did the caviler p want from KCii to prevent him from becoming absolute

wanted KCii to sign the Act for safety and Preservation of His Majesty’s Person and Government

what did the Act for safety and Preservation of His Majesty’s Person and Government include

required KCii to agree to abolishing the star chamber, the High Commission, ship money, bishops in HoL, and agree to the Triennial act however KCii refused to not have Bishops so that was removed

how did the Cavalier p help secure KCii’s reign

finalised laws that introduced press censorship and banning of mass petitioning, they gave him full control over militia and introduce taxes to raise money to pay them in times of war

what did the restoration settlement show about p

they had failed to gain much more control over the king and had strengthened his position without them, however they did keep good control of crown finance which insured his reliance on p

who was the Earl of Clarendon

Edward Hyde, Lord Chancellor and principal advisor 1660-67, very business-like approach that made him seem arrogant and dismissive which in turn alienated the king, and did not secure the privy council or p on KCii’s side, allowing opposition to develop, often used by KCii as a scapegoat as he did not personally like him

who began to gain power and influence over KCii after Clarendon’s death

the CABAL (Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Arlington, Lauderdale)

who was Sir Thomas Clifford, first baron of Chudleigh

cyrpto-catholic,

royalist,

became privy counciller 166,

pro-french, anti-dutch

ehlped negociate the Secret treaty of Dover

who was Baron Anthony Ashley Cooper, first Earl of Shaftesbury

free-thinker

royalist but changed sides

member of the Council of State but then joined opposition

supported Declaration of Indulgance and Test act

who was the George Villiers, duke of Buckingham

free thinker

son of KJi’s/KCI’s buckingham

the closest to KCii

member of the PC and was chief opponent of clarendon

supported the Declaration of Indulgence

who was Henry Bennet, first Earl of Arlington

catholic

KCii’s advisor during exile

supported dutch wars

opposed clarendon

secured treaty of dover

lost influence after rise of danby

Who was John Maitland, second earl and forst duke of Lauderdale

scottish presbyterian

supported rebellion but then switched sides

imprisioned until 1660 for supporting kcii before restoration

resigned 1680

what is a free thinker

someone who does not believe in the bible literally, not considered part of the CofE

why did the CABAL not work out

they didn’t agree on anything, KCii was trying to limit involvement with govt., all of p lost stablilty after fall of clarendon b/ of how organised he was

who liked each other in the CABAL

clifford and ashley

who despised each other in CABAL

buckingham and arlington

what were the aims of the CABAL

extend religious toleration to Catholics and dissenters, and form an alliance with france

what was ‘court and country’

court supported what KCii wanted, like religious toleration for Catholics, w/a country disagreed with KCii

almost always disagree with each other

what were the main issues in p between 1665 and 1674

Second and Third Dutch wars (1665-74)

plague (1665)

the great fire of london (1666)

how did kcii’s spending change in 1666

crown income increased £647,000 in 1665 to £820,000 in 1666, MPs believed it was because of crown mismanagement not financial system so refused to grant more

how did p/country party use finance to control KCii

used it to restrict religious freedom such as in 1669 the HoC refused to grant £300,000 restricting KCii’s Conventicle act of 1670

when did KCii become king

1660

what caused the Second Dutch War

1665-67, kcii re provoked dutch because they wanted to expand trading routes again, took over new Amsterdam (new York) and provoked the dutch ships more

what was the outcome of the Second Dutch War

England were winning and had french on their side but then Dutch got the Spanish and reordered and won big battle, England lost enthusiasm because of financial strains experienced because of plague and the GFoL, made peace treaty that allowed England to keep NY but had to relax navigation laws and give back south american colonies taken

what caused the Third Dutch War

1674-76, KCii was bound to the Treaty of Dover with France saying they would support them in Franco-Dutch war and then France invaded the Dutch, so despite not wanting to, they joined Louis’ attack on the dutch

what was the outcome of the Third Dutch War

1672- dutch struggling, place WoO as placeholder, had flooded rivers so naval invasion was impossible, england signed peace treaty that gave them very little

how did KCii gain enough money to fund the Dutch wars

proclaimed ‘stop of the exchequer’ which meant he could stop paying back all loan but it would be very hard to get loans in the future from p, p also gave him £1.2 million for funding

what was the royal declaration of indulgence

suspended penal laws therefore stopped punishing people for not attending CofE services

what was p’s reaction to the RDoI

claimed only p had the power to suspend laws, in order for p to grant anymore money to KCii, he had to withdraw the declaration and issue the Test Act of 1673

what was the Test Act of 1673

required anyone who wanted to enter public services to deny Catholicism and take Anglican Communion

who was the Earl of Danby

Thomas Osborne, strong Anglican, wanted anti-french pro-dutch FP, Lord Treasurer for KCii, part of ‘the court’ party

how popular was Danby

represented common opinions of MPs so popular with them, unpopular with some because they saw him as too catholic and absolute, unpopular with Arlington, Shaftesbury, and Buckingham

how did Danby help KCii

very good Lord Treasurer, helped make peace settlement to withdraw from Third Dutch War, got royal income up to £1.4million a year 1674-77

why was the crown still in debt even with Danby’s help

KCii overspent, debt increased £750,000 1674-79

what happened to Buckingham and Shaftesbury in 1677

locked in ToL for five months for claiming a new election for MPs should be held as cavalier p had not met for 15 months

what did the P want to do about ending the Third Dutch War

wanted to build navy up to protect england from a french invasion

how did KCii feel about P’s input on england’s relationship with Francw

felt it was completely the king’s prerogative to declare alliances and war but eventually agreed to sign the Anglo-Dutch treaty

what did the Anglo-Dutch treaty say

1677 imposed peace with France even throigh force, raised 30,000 men for an army and called for £1million but only raised £300,000

what happened to Danby by 1678

began tying to get more money from France in spite of his own Pro-Dutch policies he had introduced, proof of this was brought to P who then tied to impeach him

how did Danby secure his power before 1678

used kcii’s mistresses to help him, used his position as lord treasurer for influence and patronage, and helped construct a more ‘solid’ ‘court’ party, thereby creating a more formal oppositional ‘country’ party

in what year did KCii dissolve the cavalier p

1679

how did KCii prevent Danby from getting impeached

dissolved Cavalier p, pardoned him, but Danby surrendered himself and was locked in the ToL for five years

when did the CABAL collapse

1674

what became more common names for the ‘court’ and ‘country’ parties

court= tories

country= whigs

how was the CofE restored

bishops reinstated in HoL, 1000 presbytarian and dissenter ministers resigned or were removed, MPs had to take Anglican Communion

who are dissenters

non conformists, those who refused to conform to CofE after restoration, included people like Quakers, and moderate Prebytarians (so a wide range of people)

what was the 1663 Northern Rising

50 religious radicals across Yorkshire wanted to overthrow the govt with help from Irish and Scottish rebels, but were uncoordinated and failed immediately, 6 men were hanged and KCii used it to rally support

what was the Clarendon Code

1661, actually what Clarendon was against, the religious settlement at the start of KCii’s reign

what did the Clarendon Code include

included:

the Corporations Act 1661 (prevented any local govt. members to accept terms of CofE),

Act of Uniformity 1662 (put bishops back into CofE)

the Conventicle Act 1664 (against secret meetings of non-conformists)

Five Mile Act 1665 (prevented non-conformist ministers from going within 5 miles of where they previously preached or where MPs resided)

what was the restorations church like

similar to KCi’s Laudian church, but absorbed some moderate Presbyterian qualities and more under the control of p rather than KCii

what was the Comprehension bill

1667,1668: drafted by Anglican MPs, broadening the established CofE to allow a greater range of dissenters in to try and keep the growing number of dissenter MPs within the church

how common was being a dissenter

quite a small number, around 200,000 (100,000 hardliners) out of 2.25 million in 1676

how did religion change with the restoration within the common people

saw the restoration as a sign of god’s disapproval of their failure to create a ‘godly’ English rule. they had also become less militant under Protectorate as they were now allowed to pray privately
the stricter relgious codes though did make more people willing to be dissenters

how did KCii feel about the Clarendon Code

wasn’t too fussed with the Conventicle Act, didn’t get it renewed in 1668, meaning dissenters could meet freely this upset p who refused to grant a £300,000 subside, so as a result, KCii reinstated a tighter version of the Conventicle Act

what did the PN feel about KCii’s relationship with France (religion)

they saw it as very suspicious

when did Danby come into power

after the collapse of the CABAL in 1674

what was the Quaker Act

1662, outlined punishments for found Quakers, showed p’s lack of toleration for extreme dissenters

how many Quakers suffered under KCii

450 died in prison, 15,000 got fined, imprisoned, or transported

why did Quaker-ism become less popular and Anglicanism more popular

no Quakers: faced strong persecution from KCii, very committed and people had lives, emphasis on reading the bible made it hard for the average illiterate person to read, sermons lasted hours so were hard to work around for average people

more Anglicans: easier to abide by, more in line with CofE

who was the super sexy and amazing poet who wrote about millenarianism

John Milton in Paradise Lost slayyyyyyyy

what happened to millenarianism under KCii

numbers were very low, lost all political force and those who continued were prosecuted, including Thomas Harrison

who was/what happened to Thomas Harrison

millenarian fifth monarchist major general, hung drawn and quartered for being a regicide

who was Henry Vane and what happened to him

non-regicide millenarian who refused to beg for mercy, jury starved until they sentenced Vane, loud music played during his execution so his last words could not be heard

what do the cases of Henry Vane and Thomas Harrison show

KCii was not religiously tolerant to Millenarians because of p demands, and was becoming more absolutist in the eyes of more radical mps

what happened to John Lambert

non-regicide millenarian who DID plead for mercy, he was sentenced to life in prison which he served for 22 years until his death, was not killed because he begged for mercy but also because public were becoming more and more against the amount of executions under KCii

how did buckingham’s death impact the court of KCii

died of alcoholism and Syphilis at 33, undermined divinity of the monarchy as he was the favourite

why did people believe KCii had too much Catholic influence from the start of his reign

his mother, wife, brother, and close friend George Digby, Clifford, most of his mistresses were all known Catholics, Arlington was a catholic sympathiser

he lived in France during exile and had close ties with his cousin, Louis XIV (king of France) including strong financial links to him

incorporation of very catholic Baroque styles

how did catholics feel about kcii

Catholics thought he was sympathetic to Catholics and he also kept great control over the Catholics in court like his brother

what was the exclusion crisis (in a nutshell)

nearing KCii’s death 1679-85, (mainly) Whigs felt James Stuart should not be the heir to the throne as he was a Catholic and had now just had a male baby with a Catholic Princess

when did James Stuart’s Catholicism become public knowledge

1669

why were PN more scared of James’ Catholicism with his new heir

James was only three years younger than KCII so people believed he would die before or soon after KCII and one of his two adult protestant daughters would take the throne, but now with a new male baby as the next heir, it was extremely likely that this baby would be raised catholic and rule for decades, making the country likely to become very Catholic

what was the Popish Plot

1678, started by Titus Oates, a lie that Jesuits were planning to assassinate KCii and replace with James with the help of Irish and French invasions

what was the Second Test Act

1678, influenced by Popish Plot, excluded Catholics from p, KCii was forced to sign it, with exemption for James Stuart (vote to exclude JS only won by two votes)

what happened to mps as a result of the Popish Plot/exclusion crisis

4 Catholics MPs executed, 5 Catholic peers impeached

what did KCii do with P as a result of the tension from the Popish Plot

dissolved Cavalier p jan 1679

when and why was the first exclusion p called

march 1679 because KCii needed money

what was different about the cavalier p amd the first exclution p

FEP goal was to secure freedom and rights in the event of a catholic succession

how did the FEP aim to secure its rights under a possible future catholic monarch

tried to protect itself rather than continue to try and remove James: introduced the Habeas Corpus amendment act which meant (except from treason of felony) a person cannot be charged without a trial

how ‘popular’ was the exclusion crisis

2 pro-exclusion MP for every 1 anti-exclusion MP

how did KCii try to sooth exclusion tension 1678

sent james to Brussels, only worsened tension because he was said to have been conspiring with the pope and other Catholics

as a compromise, what limitations did kcii say he would impose on future catholic monarch

they had prerogative over army, civil, and legal proceedings, and that there would be no church patronage, but p refused them demanding for james’ complete removal

what was the first exclusion bill 1679

MPs passed bill to exclude James, won 207-128, with many MPs not voting

what was kcii’s reaction to the first exclusion bill

prorogued p

how did KCii get money outside of p after proroguing the first exclusion p

both French and Dutch wanted English support after end of third dutch war 1678 so he tricked them into both sending funds to try and convince him to form an alliance

who was the Duke of Monmouth and why was he important

KCii’s illegitimate son, seen as a popular ‘replacement’ as Charles heir since he was Protestant, KCii exiled him to the Netherlands

how did kcii change his privy council in 1679 in anticipation for having to recall it

removed opposition from the Privy council (such as Shaftesbury) for new younger advisers that would be better for James, put more money into the royal standing army, removed opposition from smaller county offices and filled them with royalist

what propaganda helped the Whigs make James’ exclusion become more popular with the public

lots more anti-KCii pamphlets and petitions published, although this did little to help the cause

popish plot and other smaller similar plots cause fear mongering

what happened to Titus Oates

caused the death of 35 men, could never prove any plot, just kept making it more outlandish until he went too far and accused James of being a traitor and was sentenced to death.