healthsci midterm 2300 - units 1, 2, 3

standard position (anatomical)

facing forward

sagittal/medial plane

cuts the body into left and right halves (cuts through nose and belly button)

Frontal (corronal) plane

divides the body front and back (anterior/posterior)

transverse (axial) plane

cuts body into top and bottom

anatomical sections

• saggital plane can be seen through a longitudinal section

• transverse plane can be seen through a transverse section

• oblique section is taken on an angle

superior/inferior

above/below

posterior

anterior

medial/lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

proximal/distal

closer to trunk/further from trunk

limb terms

radial: lateral side of forearm ulnar:medial side of forearm tibial: medial side of leg fibular: lateral side of leg

plantar

sole of foot

Dorsal

back of hand or top of foot

Pollicis/hallucis

Related to the thumb

cranial/caudal

toward the head/toward the tail

Axial

pertaining to the axis of a structure

peripheral

away from the center

superficial/deep

toward or at the body surface/away from the body surface

apical

basal

anatomical cavities

house major organs of the body

cranial cavity

houses the brain

vertebral cavity

houses the spinal cord

thoracic cavity (pericardial cavity)

contains the heart

thoracic cavity (mediastinum)

pericardial cavity

thoracic (right and left pleural cavity)

lungs

Diaphram

divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Abdominal Reigons

epigastric: above stomach subcostal: below the ribs umbilical: below belly button pelvic: between abdomen and thighs

flexion and extension

Decrease/increase in joint angle

protraction and retraction

moving a part forward/backward

elevation/depression

up and down

pronation/ supination

turn palm downwards

lateral/ medial rotation

rotation away from and towards the midline

abduction/adduction

movement away/into from midline

Circumduction

distal aspect makes a circle

feet movements

eversion: titing sole away from midline inversion: tilting sole towards midline dorsi flex: flex foot plantar flex: point foot

the pourpose of the skeleton

support and framework

axial skeleton

anything around the central axis of the body: skull

appendicular skeleton

Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are attached to the axial skeleton

upper limb (appendicular)

shoulder

lower limb (appendicular)

hip

tarsal bones of foot

calcaneus (heel)

long bones

tubular in shape

short bones

cubodial in shape

flat bones

(flat in shape) protection or broad surfaces of muscle attatchment (skull

irregular bones

odly shapes

sesamoid bones

round bones found near joints (e.g.

tendon vs joints

tendon: muscle attatching to bone using a tendon joints: ligaments attatch bone ti bone to form a joint

Tuberosity

large rounded elevation

crest

ridge of bone

Trochanter

large blunt elevation

line

lineur elevation

Tubricle

small raised eminence

epicondylar

eminance superior to a condyle

spine

thorn-like process

process

projection or outgrown tissue

joints

generally smooth in shape

head

large

facet

smooth flar area

Condyle

rounded

depressions and openings

holes from passage through bones

foramen

passage through a bone

groove

elongated depression

fissure

groove

notch

indentation at the edge of a bone

Meatus

a natural body opening or canal

sinus

sac or cavity

Bone Development

• start as cartilaginous mold

• cartilage in paracondrium and sleeve becomes mineralized

• blood vessels help form bones at ossification centre at 6 weeks

• fully mature adult bone at 20 yrs old

Bone structure (long bone)

1. Epiphysis (end)

2. Diaphysis (centre)

epiphyseal plate

region between diaphysis and epiphysis

• cartilage

bone cells

1. start off as periosteum mesenchymal stem cells

2. osteoprogenitor becomes osteoblast

3. osteoblast: secrete the extracellular matrix

2 types of bone

compact and spongy

Cortical (compact) bone

exists on exterior of bones

trabecular (spongy) bone

exists on interior of bone

• ocassionally replaced by medullary cavity

• contains bone marrow osteoclasts break down bone

Fractures

occurs with a break in the bone

1. simple: injury to bone

2. compound: bone peirces skin

commuted fracture

fragment in 3+ peices

compression fracture

bone is crushed

common in porous bones

epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal plate occurs in pre adolescents prior to closure of epiphyseal plates (salter harris fracture)

depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inwards

spiral fracture

ragged break due to twisting forces

green stick fracture

incomplete break

aging and exersize

from birth to adolecence: bone production is greated then absorbtion

the skull

made up of neurocranium and vicerocranium

Neurocranium parts

frontal

viscerocranium parts

nasal:bridge of nose vomer:base of nose zygomatic: cheekbone maxilla: right above top teeth and around edges of nose palatine: back of maxilla lacrimal: intyerior corner of eye ethmoid: posterior back of nose inferior nasal concha: either side of nose

Sutures of the skull

immovable joints of the skull

coronal suture

between frontal and parietal bone

saggital suture

between left and right parietal bones

lamboid suture

between occipital and parietal bones

Squamoid suture

between temporal and parietal bones

fontanelles

sutures that havent solidified into joints yet

• anterior fontanelle will be replaced by superior suture -anterolateral fontanelle extends down to posteolateral fontanelle

the spine

24 vertebre 7 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar

kyphotic spine

when born

lordosis

pronounced curvature in lumbar and cervical reigon

kyphposis

curvature in thoracic and sacral reigons

Scoliosis

medial/lateral deviation of the spine

vertebral foramen

hole where spinal chord travels through

superior/ inferior articular facet

paired with notches to help stack vertebre and form the intervetebral foreamen which is how spinal nerves exit the spinal chord

cervical spine

7 first vertebre

key features of cervical spine

1. bifid spinous process (spinal process splits into 2

2. transverse foramen

3. c1 (atlas) no body or spine

4. c2 (axis) dens for rotation

C1 Atlas

lacks body and spinous process