Monohybrids & Dihybrids

Week 4: Monday, September 15th: Monohybrids and Dihybrids; Chi; Pedigree

the parents in a cross, usually pure breeds (AA x aa) are the _______

P lineage

breeding identical biparental alleles, which are homozygous is _______

pre-breeding

the first set of offspring from P lineage mating that are all Aa is the _______

F₁ generation

the second set of offspring from the F₁ generation (Aa x Aa) that turn out 25% AA, 50% Aa, and 25% aa is the _______

F₂ generation

Mendel realized that traits never blended, which is also called _______. he did see that they segregated into haploids after Meiosis 1, which is the _______

incomplete dominance. law of segregation

domiance can only be observed in heterozygosity because it shows _______

the relationship between alleles

_______ conditions are how traits are named, and are uncommon alleles

mutant

_______ conditions are common alleles

wildtype

in a heterozygous state, one allele is necessary to prodyce enough gene product. this is also called _______, and is typically _______ alleles

haplosufficiency, dominant

_______ is any condition as a single allele isnt sufficient to produce enough functional protein, and is typically _______ alleles

haploinsufficient, recessive

if a mutation haults function and results in gene inactivation, its called _______

psuedofunctionalization

if a mutation causes a new function to appear and produced novel gene function (GOF; gain of function), its called _______

neofunctionalization

if a mutation divides a function so genes share a function, its called _______

subfunctionalization

_______ states different traits are inherited independently of one another if they’re on different chromosomes, or very far apart on the same chromosome

law of independent assortment

true or false: recombination of alleles (crossing over) plus independent assortment result in novel phenotypes seen in both parents

false. recombination of alleles (crossing over) plus independent assortment result in novel phenotypes not seen in either parents

heterozygoes in a F₁ generation dyhybrid cross gives a phenotypic ratio of _______ and a genotypic ratio of _______

9:3:3:1 and 1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

test crossing F₁ generation would an F₂ ratio of _______

1:1:1:1