States of Matter

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the lecture on the states of matter, their properties, intermolecular forces, thermal analysis, and related pharmaceutical applications.

Intra- and intermolecular forces

Forces that stabilize molecular and physical structures within and between molecules.

Supercritical states

States of matter where substances are above their critical temperature and pressure, exhibiting properties of both gases and liquids.

Ideal gas law

An equation of state for an ideal gas, defined as PV=nRT, relating pressure, volume, temperature, and moles.

Van der Waals forces

Weak intermolecular forces that include dipole-dipole interactions, dipole-induced dipole interactions, and London dispersion forces.

Hydrogen bonds

Strong intermolecular bonds formed between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Polymorphism

The ability of a substance to exist in multiple crystalline forms, affecting its stability and solubility.

Phase rule

A rule that defines the number of degrees of freedom in a system as F=C-P+2, where C is the number of components and P the number of phases.

Eutectic point

The unique composition and temperature where two solid phases and a liquid phase coexist in equilibrium.

Dew point

The temperature at which air becomes saturated with moisture and water vapor condenses into liquid.

Thermal analysis

Techniques used to measure changes in physical and chemical properties of a substance as a function of temperature.

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

A thermal analysis method used to measure heat flow associated with phase transitions in materials.

Crystals

Solids where the constituent parts (atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered structure.

Amorphous solids

Solids that do not exhibit a long-range order in their molecular arrangement.

Sublimation

The process through which a solid transitions directly into a gas without passing through the liquid state.

Deposition

The process of gas transforming directly into solid without becoming liquid.

Kinetic Molecular Theory

A theory describing the behavior of gases, emphasizing the motion of particles and the energy associated with that motion.

Repulsion and Attraction

Forces that govern molecular interactions, with attraction bringing molecules together and repulsion pushing them apart.

Atomistic structure

The arrangement and interaction of atoms within a substance.

Molecular weight determination

The process of calculating the molecular weight of a substance, often using the ideal gas law.

Liquid crystalline state

A state of matter that has properties between liquids and solids, characterized by molecular order but fluidity.

Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic interactions

Forces that influence solubility and interaction in different mediums, with hydrophobic being water-repellent and hydrophilic being water-attracting.