biopsych unit 1

true

brain does not change in adulthood

Donald O. Hebb

Wrote the organization of behaviorin 1949

Behavioral Neuroscience

Study all behavioral phenomena that can be observed in humans and

animals, attempt to understand the physiology of behavior

Neuroanatomy

structure

Neurophysiology

functions

Neurochemistry

chemicals

Neuroendocrinology

hormones

Neuropharmacology

drugs

Neuropathology

diseases

Physiological Psychology

Direct manipulation of nervous system

Psychopharmacology

Manipulation of nervous system pharmacologically

Neuropsychology

Focuses on behavioral effects of brain damage

Psychophysiology

Focuses on physiological and psychological processes

Cognitive neuroscience

Focus: Neural basis of cognitive processes

Dualism

Belief that body is physical but mind (or soul) is not

Monism

Belief that world consists only of matter and energy and that mind is phenomenon produced by workings of nervous system

Model

• Mathematical or physical analogy for

physiological process

• In science, ____ is relatively simple system that

works on known principles

Hippocrates

Considered the brain to be the center of thoughts and emotions

Rene Descartes

• Father of Modern Philosophy

• Reflexes: automatic, stereotyped movement

that is produced as a direct results of a stimulus

• Dualism

• Pineal Body and ventricles

Liugi Galvani

Electrical stimulation of the nerve in a frog’s leg produced contraction of the leg muscle

Johannes Muller

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Pierre Flourens

Experimental ablation

true

Descartes believed that the mind and body are separate

entities that can exist independently.

Paul Broca

• Extended the concept of experimental ablation to the human brain.

• Broca’s area

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

• Used electrical stimulation of the brain to understand function

Jan Purkinje

Purkinje fibers

Hermann von Helmholtz

Responsible for developing the law of

conservation of energy and blindness, and the

first measurements of the speed of nerve

conduction

Ramon Santiago y Cajal

• Used Golgi stain to describe individual neurons

• 1906 Nobel Prize

Prefrontal Lobotomy

• Moniz wins Nobel Prize

• Based on research on chimpanzees

• Various forms of lobotomy existed

• Following reports of success, lobotomy was freely used

• The case of Howard Dully

20th Century

• Electrical and chemical messages

• Circuits and brain structures

• Brain-based treatments

21st Century

• Pathways and circuits

• 2014 Nobel Prize

• BRAIN initiative in the United States

Functionalism

Best way to understand biological phenomenon

is to try to understand its useful functions for

organism

Natural Selection

Inherited traits that confer selective advantage

become more prevalent in population

Evolution

• Gradual change in the structure and physiology of plant and animal species

• Generally producing more complex organisms

• Result of natural selection

Absolute size

Human brain is very small compared to other animals such as the elephant and whale

Proportionality

• Human brain makes up 2.3% of total body weight

• Elephant brain is only 0.2% of total body weight

darwin presented 3 kinds of evidence which are:

• Fossil records

• Structural similarities

• Selective breeding

Neoteny

• slowing of process of maturation, allowing more time for growth

• important factor in development of large brains

true

Not all existing behaviors or structures are adaptive

false

all existing behaviors or structures are adaptive

Spandrels

incidental nonadaptive byproducts (such as the human belly button)

Exaptations

evolved to do one thing, but now do something else (such as bird wings)

true

Humans are not the product of a single ancestral population from Africa

false

Humans are the product of a single ancestral population from Africa

homologous

through the process of natural selection, these bones have been adapted to suit many different functions

true

Most species mate promiscuously; most mammals form polygynous mating bonds

false

Most species mate promiscuously; all mammals form polygynous mating bonds

true

Men value youth and attractiveness; Women value power and earning

capacity

true

Physically attractive women bond with men of high status

Mate attraction

for women, physical attraction; for men, display power and resources

true

Men more likely than women to commit adultery

evolutionary psychology

aims to understand how thoughts, actions, and behavior are shaped by evolutionary forces, it propses that the human brain and mind have developed in ways

Producing Brain Lesions

• Radio frequency lesion

• Excitotoxic lesion

• Sham lesion

stereotaxic surgery

• it is a brain surgery using streotaxic apparatus to position electrode or cannula in specific position of brain. bregma.

• Junction of sagittal and coronal sutures of skull

• reference point for stereotaxic brain surgery

• The Stereotaxic Atlas

CT Brain scan

quick imaging of the brain and skull from different angles.

MRI scans

create images of the body using a large magnet and radio waves.

DTI

Uses modified MRI scanner to reveal bundles of myelinated axons in living human brain

Recording with Microelectrodes

• Very fine electrode

• Generally used to record activity of individual neurons

Single-Unit Recording

• Recording of electrical activity of single neuron

• Electrical signals detected by microelectrodes are quite small, and must be amplified

Recording with Macroelectrode

• Record thousands of action potentials in area of electrode

• E.g. electroencephalogram (EEG)

Magnetoencephalography

• Neuromagnetometers

• Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) to detect minute magnetic fields

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Functional imaging method that reveals localization of radioactive tracer in living brain

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

• Measurement of regional blood metabolism changes

• Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD)

twin Studies

• Concordance rate for a trait in

• monozygotic versus dizygotic twins

• Monozygotic twins have identical genotypes

Adoption Studies

• Consider prenatal influences

• Similarity with adoptive relatives indicates

• role of environment

Genomic Studies

• Genome and Allele

• Linkage studies

• Ge-nomewide association studies

Targeted mutations

• Genes mutated in lab are inserted into chromosome of mice

• Determine function of gene and proteins