Module 2: Nutrition

Examples of mechanical digestion

Chewing, stomach mixing and churning

Chemical digestion involves

Hydrochloric acid, enzymes and hormones
-Big nutrients into smaller ones

Carbohydrate digestion uses

Amylase enzymes

Protein digestion uses

Protease enzymes

Fat digestion uses

Lipase enzymes

An enzyme is a

functional protein

Digestion of food occurs in the

mouth, esophagus, stomach and small intestine

Peristalsis

A muscular wave action that occurs throughout the intestinal tract. It is controlled by the central nervous system and facilitates excretion by propelling food stuff through the body.

The site where most nutrients are absorbed

Small intestine

The three accessory organs contributing to digestion are

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Fat must be emulsified by

Bile

Bile is

Produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

The pancreas produced pancreatic juice and secrets the juice containing

Enzymes for CHO, PRO and Fat digestion
-makes sodium bicarbonate to reduce stomach acid

Which absorption mechanism is selective and uses ATP energy?

Active Transport

What is active transport?

Nutrients like glucose and amino acids move across membranes against a concentration gradient using a specific transport

What is the transportation system for water-soluble nutrients?

Blood vessels

What is the transportation system for fat-soluble nutrients?

Lymphatic vessels

Short-Term Storage

Stored for seconds or minutes
Ex. ATP in cells

Intermediate Storage

Stored for hours
Ex. Glycogen in liver and muscle in cells

Long Term Storage

Stored for days, months, or years
Ex. Fat in tissue, vitamin A in liver, iron in liver and bone marrow, protein in lean body mass, calcium phosphorus and magnesium in bones

Catabolic Reactions

Breaking down (things getting smaller)
-involved hydrolysis reactions
-degrading or destructive in nature

Anabolic Reactions

Building up (things get bigger)
-involved condensation reactions
-synthesizing or constructive in nature

4 methods of excretion

kidney, skin, lung and colon

Protein denaturatoin

Causes the protein to change shape or conformation heat denatures
Ex. egg white when cooked

Neither

Is protein denaturation anabolic, catabolic or neither?

Protease enzymes

Protein digestion occurs in the stomach and small intestine by

Anabolic
-bonding of amino acids together makes a protein

Protein synthesis is anabolic, catabolic or neither?

Protein is synthesized according to the genetic code inside the nucleus of human cells
-inside the body amino acids from protein can be metabolically converted to glucose

The amino acid sequence in proteins creates some of the individual protein characteristics.

Fibrous and globular

Proteins can be two basic types

Animal sources: egg white

What is the highest quality food protein?

No, enzymes are a functional protein
-Enzymes are protein catalysts
-help digest protease enzymes, amylase and lipase

Are enzymes hormones?

0.8 per kilogram, take the weight and multiply it by 0.8
-90 kg x 0.8\=72

What is the DRI for protein and how do you calculate it?

Protein deficiency, the individual has a peripheral edema and may not look undernourished

Kwashiorkor

Protein- energy deficiency. The individual looks undernourished (skin & bones, starvation)

Marasmus

Dehydration, liver & spleen enlargement, accelerated kidney aging, metabolic acidosis, vitamin B6 deficiency, Ca and Zn loss, heart disease & cancer

Problems caused by excess protein in the diet

Anabolic

Is photosynthesis anabolic, catabolic or neither?

Neither

If fiber anabolic, catabolic or neither?

Soluble fiber

Which type of fiber dissolved in water?

Soluble fiber

Which type of fiber is beneficial in decreasing blood cholesterol due to its ability to bind bile?

Fruits, oats, vegetables, and legumes

Examples of soluble fiber foods

Bran, flakes, whole grains, celery strings, apple peels

Examples of foods with insoluble fiber

1.4 grams
-38 grams for a male

What is the recommended DRI for fiber per 100 calories?

Ex. 1700 divided by 100 x 1.4
-DRI for fiber, grams consumed divided by DRI

How to calculate DRI based on grams consumed

Legumes

Which foods provide the best source of dietary fiber?

Relieves constipation, hemorrhoids, and diverticulosis, colon/rectal cancer
-too much soluble/insoluble fiber can cause blockages

What health problems will fiber help prevent?

Glycogen

Glucose is stored in the form of

Brain, CNS and red blood cells

Liver glycogen is used for

Muscle functioning only for the working muscle

Muscle Glycogen is used for

Anabolic

Glycogen repletion or synthesis is anabolic, catabolic or neither?

Catabolic

When CHO has not been eaten for an extended period of time and blood sugar levels are low. Glucagon, a hormone produced in the pancreas is secreted into the blood. Glucagon sends a signal to liver cells which stimulates the break down of glycogen. Is glucagon anabolic, catabolic or neither?

Catabolic

Glycogen Hydrolysis involved anabolic, catabolic, or neither?

Catabolic

Lactose digestion involved anabolic, catabolic or neither?

Anabolic

Insulin promotes anabolic, catabolic or neither?

True

Insulin decreases the level of sugar in the blood

Gas, bloating, cramps diarrhea
-gene related or heredity

Symptoms of lactose mal-digestion and lactose intolerance include

GI distress, hives, and anaphylaxis
(immune reaction)

Symptoms of a milk allergy include

True

A person with a food allergy should avoid eating that food

Lactose mal-digestion or a milk allergy

The immune system is involved with

Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar is known

blood sugar levels drop after eating sugar. Too much insulin is secreted in response to sugar consumption. Hyperinsulinemia

Reactive

Liver stores of glycogen are depleted, the ability to maintain blood sugar is diminished. Happens to everyone in between meals or when food has not been consumed

Spontaneous

Juvenile onset

Type 1 diabetes occurs during

Adult onset

Type 2 diabetes occurs during

greater than or equal to 126 indicates diabetes

A fasting blood sugar of

Is a common method used to diagnose diabetes

A Glucose Tolerance Test

insulin to be released and glycogen to increase in liver and muscle cells

Consuming high glycemic index foods causes

lower glycemic response or a slower entrance of glucose into the blood stream

Typically individuals with diabetes should choose foods with a

high protein, fat and fiber content tend to lower the glycemic response

Foods with

High

Would a drink like Gatorade or fruit punch have a high or low glycemic index?

heart disease

Hypertension causes arterial wall injury thus contributing to

120-80 is optimal

A blood pressure reading of

Stage 1 Hypertension

A blood pressure reading of 130/80 is

Aerobic exercise, healthy body weight, increase calcium. potassium and magnesium, low-fat, sodium

The DASH diet recommendations for controlling hypertension include

elevated cholesterol genetics, tobacco, alcohol, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, stress, male, low fiber, high fat diet

Risk factors for heart disease

the bad type of cholesterol.

Low Density Lipoproteins are characterized as

the good type of cholesterol.

High Density Lipoproteins are characterized as

thicken and is a risk factor for heart disease

Hypertriglyceridemia causes the blood to

cholesterol and reduce the risk of many chronic diseases

The Therapeutic Lifestyle Change Diet helps manage

Lower SFA and raise MUFA as well as omega 3 fatty acids

To change blood lipid profiles for the better

development of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic syndrome is associated with the

waist \> 40 inches, fasting blood triglycerides of ≥ 150 fasting HDL cholesterol of

Having 3 or more of the abnormalities increases the risk of metabolic syndrome

Nuts, seeds, wheat and whole grain

Which foods provide the best food source of the antioxidant Vitamin E, which helps prevent heart disease

Margarine, or shortening-liquid oils that became solid

Examples of hydrogenated foods

heart disease even more than SFA

The problem with hydrogenation is that TFAs are created and they contribute to

Animal

Which foods provide cholesterol

Flax seeds, walnuts and canola oil, salmon, herring, mackerel, tuna and whitefish

List food sources of omega-3 fatty acids

hormone like compounds

Eicosanoids are

decrease blood clotting and blood pressure

Compounds

Folate, 400 micrograms daily

Elevated levels of homocysteine contribute to heart disease which vitamin helps lower this?

Cancer, high fat, low fiber, low antioxidant diets contribute to cancer

Diets high in PUFA's may reduce LDL but may increase the risk for

Smoking tobacco, UV light, obesity, sedentary lifestyle

Increase cancer risk by lifestyle practices

The Gallbladder

Which of the following is known as an accessory organ in the digestive process?

Water is absorbed

What happens mostly in the large intestine (colon)?

Protein denaturation

What happens first, protein denaturation or protein digestion?

DNA is transcribed to mRNA which is translated to Protein

What is the correct process of protein synthesis?\=

water, calcium, Vitamin B6

High protein diets can deplete the body of:

True

Lactase persistence it tied to human biocultural evolution

weight

Protein need is based on body

decreases transit time

Insoluble fiber

Allergen (Antigen)

Which of the following is a protein component in food causing allergy?