Panitikan sa Panahon ng Batas Militar

When was Proclamation 1081 signed…?

September 21, 1972

When was Proclamation 1081 announced…?

September 23, 1972

What is the General Order No. 1?

Marcos assumes all powers of government

What is General Order No. 2

Marcos authorizes the military to arrest a list of personalities deemed part of conspiracy to seize power

Senators arrested on September 23, 1972:

1. Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr.

2. Jose “Pepe” Diokno

3. Ramon Mitra Jr.

4. Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo

How many individuals were arrested on September 23, 1972?

Approximately 8000 individuals

What is the Letter of Instruction No. 1

Marcos authorizes the seizure and closure of private media (papers, magazines, radio-TV)

What were seized according to the Letter of Instruction No. 1

1. 66 Community Newspaper

2. 11 English Weekly Magazines

3. 7 Television Stations

4. 292 Radio Stations

5. 7 Major English Dailies

6. 1 English-Filipino Daily

7. 3 Filipino Dailies

8. 1 Spanish Daily

9. 4 Chinese Dailies

Media outlets exempt from Martial Law:

1. Daily Express

2. TV Channel 9

3. Kanlaon Broadcasting System

What is the Letter of Instruction No. 2?

Marcos authorizes the takeover of public utilities (electric, water, railyway, telephone, and airline companies)

Public Utilities shutdown on September 23, 1972:

1. Manila Electric Company (Meralco)

2. Philippine Long Distance Telephone Company (PLDT)

3. National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority

4. Philippine National Railways (PNR)

5. Philippine Airlines (PAL)

6. Air Manila

7. Filipinas Orient Airways

What is the Letter of Instruction No. 3?

Marcos orders the military to seize all privately owned aircraft and watercraft bearing Philippine registry

Size of the Philippine Army:

1. Philippine Army: 17,600

2. Philippine Navy: 8,000

3. Philippine Air Force: 9,000

4. Philippine Constabulary: 25,000

What is the Letter of Instruction No. 4 and 5?

Marcos orders the DFA and the DOJ not to issue travel documents and immigration clearance to any citizen who may wish to leave the country

PHP Conversion:

1965: PHP 3.9

1986: PHP 20.53

Unenmployment rate:

1978:

5.2% Unemployment rate

10.2% Underemployment rate

1983:

5.9% Unemployment rate

29.0% Underemployment rate

Poverty Incidence according to PSA:

1960s: 41%

1980s: 59%

2015: 21.6%

The Incremental Capital-Output Ratio (ICOR), a measure of productivity of investment in 1983…?

22.55 (all-time high)

According to the Presidential Commission on Good Governance, how much did Marcos stole?

10 billion USD

Renowned journalist, poet, and screenwriter. A prominent political prisoner during Martial Law, he authored the subversive acrostic poem "Prometheus Unbound" under the pseudonym Ruben Cuevas. Published in the state-sanctioned Focus Magazine in 1973, its hidden message ("MARCOS HITLER DIKTADOR TUTA") successfully bypassed military censorship and became a legendary act of literary defiance.

Pete Lacaba

Younger brother of Pete Lacaba. An acclaimed poet, playwright, and activist who abandoned academia to join the armed resistance against the dictatorship. Known as the "poet-warrior" of the movement, he was killed by military forces in Mindanao in 1976 at age 27, becoming an enduring martyr of anti-martial law literature.

Eman Lacaba

Master of social realism and pioneer of Panitikang Mulat (awakened literature). Writing primarily in Tagalog/Filipino, his short stories (such as those in Utos ng Hari) depicted the disillusionment, student activism, and everyday struggles of working-class Filipinos under state repression.

Jun Cruz Reyes

A student journalist from Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) and campus editor who wrote critical essays against the regime. Arrested in 1973, she became the first political detainee to die in state custody during Martial Law due to severe torture, turning her into a key symbol of youth resistance.

Liliosa Hilao

A former journalist and key Marcos propaganda strategist who served as the chairman of the Media Advisory Council. He defected in 1975 and authored The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos, an insider exposé on regime corruption and human rights abuses. Shortly after testifying before the U.S. Congress, Mijares vanished in 1977 and is presumed murdered.

Primitivo Mijares