Mega geography final exam flashcard set - updated 8/10/25

What is my country of origin, it’s location and why it is experiencing forced movement

Sudan

Central eastern Africa

civil war

What is my host country, it’s location and why it is experiencing movement

Central African republic (CAR)

forced immigration -  movement of people from their homes due to circumstance when they have little or no choice but to leave their residence, happens when person's safety, livelihood, or freedom is endangered, compelling them to move for survival.

medium-low agency

push and pull factors of migrating form Sudan to the central African republic

Push	Pull
Civil conflict Local & National instability High unemployment – limited growth in labor-intensive sectors High pop growth Poverty, deprivation Food insecurity Climate – leads to low agricultural productivity	Refugee communities, formal & informal settlements Low cost of migration

Interconnection between Sudan and the Central African Republic (CAR)

• Political: both experienced long periods of internal conflict (civil wars, rebellions from ethnic tensions, resource competition.

• Conflicts spilling into neighbouring countries, and vice versa as well as weak governance

• Religious: Both have significant Muslim populations. CAR, minority whilst in Sudan its dominant |

• No. of people that travel for holidays: Sudan – 836,000 in 2018 | CAR – 109,000 in 2018 |

• Visa options: Tourist visa, Business visa, Transit visa

• Physical: share a 174km border, porous border (lack of strong control from either gov)

• Social: informal trading across border, illicit economies (drugs,weapons,natural resources), communities

Benefits and costs of moving to SUDAN and the Central african republic

	Benefits	Costs
CAR	Rich in natural resources Growing workforce in agriculture & mining Economic growth < Cost of living	Extreme poverty Poor infrastructure (transportation, communication, healthcare) < Life expectancy
Sudan	Natural resources Economic growth (gold mining)	Conflict Displacement Lack of essential services Environmental degradation

What happens when sudanese people reach the central african republic

make a makeshift shelter, gender-based violence, limited access to resources, humanitarian assistance

DData relating to migration from Sudan to the Central Africal Republic

• Immigration numbers over time: 30,000 (2024), 4,758, (2010), 20,329 (2005)

• Population changes in the time period of migration: growth, 42,000 refugees since 2023 esp in northern regions

Location of Niger

17.6078° N, 8.0817° E

central north africa

capital is niamey
landlocked

neighbours are chad (east), nigeria (south), algeria (north-west)

human features

population: 24m

highest pop growth in the world

TFR: 6.8 babies per woman - worlds highest

CDR: 7.8 per 1000 people - has declined

42.9% of children 5-14 are children

90% of pop live on 1/3 of the land

natural features

80% of Niger is covered by the Sahara desert

strong spacial association between airable land & population

periodic drought over the last 40 years

main biome: desert and the savanna

trend in population structure

population growth

70% of population was < the age of 25

what poulation dynamics cause population growth

youth

>50% of all children 7-16 are NOT enrolled in school

60% of girls complete primary school, < in rural areas

< 1/10 of girls attend secondary schools

early age of marriage:

28% of girls married before they’re 15

76% before they’re 18

legal age of marriage is 15

encouragement to have large families because of popular conservative type of islam

Locall response to food insecurity & what does it do

Gobro cereal bank funded in 2007

lets families take from cereal bank during the lean season & pay back when they’re making a profit seasonally

prevents starvation & malnutrition (1.9 million malnourished children in 2023)

prevents travel by long distances for food

Positive outcomes for the food bank

Reduces malnutrition and starvation for the whole community

protects vulnerable children, large young dependency ratio

412,000 children with severe acute malnutrition

What’s a challenge for the local food bank

Management issues, because of high illiteracy rates and lack of education as a whole - many children, especially girls, are not enrolled or drop out early

National response to high young dependency ratio

National family planning costed implementation plan (NFPCIP)

Government policies with costed implementation plans (CIP’s)

started in 2012

which are multi-year roadmaps what reflects the gov’s priorities to achieve better family planning and reproductive health outcomes

What does the costed implimentation plan target

aims to raise modern contraceptive prevalence rate (mCPR) from 21.8% in 2020 to 36.8% by 2030

What are the strageties used by the government to raise the mCPR

expand community-based distribution of contraceptives

train health workers in post-abortion and postpartum family planning

promotes long-lasting reversible contraceptives (implants and IUD’s)

How is the gov implimenting strageties

using quick results like 100-day projects to show rapid gains

monitor indicators tied to maternal health, child survival and education outcomes

What is a geospatial technology being used to evaluate high youth dependency ratio

GIS - National statistics institute of Niger (NSI) with National community health workers (CHW)

uses GIS to model travel time access to heath facilities, and identifies wher future CHW should be located to improve health service delivery and resource allocation.

RESULTS: increased access for 22.3 million people (2000-2013)

What layers are used in the GIS model of niger

where health facilities are located and realistic travel times

satellite data (settlements, rivers, land cover, elevation)

population grids

Pros of geospecial tech

results in better access to healthcare

helps visualize and give importance to high youth dependency ratio

identifies “cold spots”, areas where women/girls have little to no access to reproductive health services

data is easy to read for policy makers

Cons of geospatial tech

cost and time

Data could contain errors or misrepresented areas - last census was in 2012

What does SALTS stand for

Title, Axes, Labels, and Scale, source

Environmental Drivers for food insecurity

Soil degradation (enviro)

• >100,000 km2 of land is affected by desertification

• 63% of nigers pop depends on degraded land

• topsoil loss has cut cereal yields by up to 30% in some regions

• lowest rainfall in 30 years in june and july 2022

climate shocks

• alternating droughts and floods

• foods destroyed 24,000 ha of crops

• kiled 25,000 livestock

• affected 1.5million people

Social and political Drivers for food insecurity

Conflict & displacement (social/political)

• over 600,000 people are internally displaced or refugees

• because of armed conflict and insecurity from armed groups in diffa and tahoua.

• disrupts farming, trade and humanitarian aid delivery

• causes high food prices from poor harvests and coups

challenges of food insecurity

environmental degradation

food supply sustainability and movement

Local response to deforestation (ICF)

ICF (International Conservation Fund)

Founded in 2019, located South-East Amazonia, Brazil

protect land with:

• guard posts that discourages potential invaders

• create sustainable incomes with Brazil nut harvesting

• annual income for kayapo communities

aim: To ensure Kayapo culture, economic, political and territorial autonomy.

outcome: kayapo have successfully defended their land, satellite images reveal no deforestation.

negatives

• Potential conflicts with external interests

• limited funding for long-term projects

• reliance on consistent local governance

National response to deforestation (The forest code)

Forest code (national)

Introduced 1985

Updated from 1965-2023

Legally covers rivers, forests, soils

Enforced with inspections, sanctions (administrative and criminal)

aim: balancing agricultural land use as well as restoration of degraded areas

to conserve biodiversity

outcome: critics argue that the revised Forest Code has led to a decline in environmental protections and increased deforestation. 

positives

• claim to be “ensuring environmental protection”

• Actively monitoring deforestation through rural environmental registry (CAR)

negatives

• reduced required forest cover on private land from 80% to 50%

• code has been difficult to enforce

• increased deforestation, loss of up to 190 million acres of forest

• unclear regulations and inadequate support for sustainable practices

• conflicts with local communities

Global response to deforestation (REDD+)

Redd+

Introduced in cop19

Purpose: incentivizing developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by preserving their forests

Stands for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

Aims:

• reduces emissions from conservation of forest-carbon stocks

• sustainable management of forests, enhancement of forest carbon stocks

Outcomes:

• projects have led to significant carbon storage and improved livelihoods, others have yielded mixed results

• failure to create a large-scale funding mechanism

not successful, why

• Impacts on wellbeing in local communities have been mixed

• Deforestation is still a significant issue

• backlash from political groups in favor of weaker environmental policies

• lack of transparency

• difficult to assess overall effectiveness

Geospatial (global forest watch)

Global forest watch

Geospatial technology program (GIS, GNSS, Remote sensing)

Established in 1997 - established by world resources institute (WRI)

Started as a network of NGO’S, Worked its way up by working with governments to address changes with deforestation

Aim:

• Detect illegal gold mining and logging

• To provide precise information

• Track fires

Outcome:

• increased awareness of deforestation trends

• enhanced decision-making by governments and organizations

• the potential for more effective forest protection and restoration efforts

good because

• Satellite-derived alerts

• indicates areas of potential deforestation/tree cover disturbance

• based on LANDSAT (land satellite) imagery

• help monitor forest health

• provides detailed mapping at a global scale

• real-time monitoring

• accessible on the internet

• identifies large-scale events

Location ( relative and absolute ) of brazil

14.2°S, 51.9°W
Central-eastern part of south America

Bordering the Atlantic ocean

North east of Bolivia

What is Deforestation

the conversion of forest to other land use independently of whether human-induced or not

Human characteristics of Brazil

Speak Portuguese, spanish, english

pop concentrated on south eastern coast

major cities: sao paulo, rio de janero, brasilia (capital)

pop 211.1 million

305 distinct ethnic groups

Geographic characteristics of Brazil

60% of Brazil is the amazon basin (1.5 million miles²)

60% of brazil is rainforest

12.2% of world forests are in brazil

tropical rainforests

2.9m km² of forest

Characteristics of deforestation

• Climate change when forests are located between HCO and LGM

• habitat loss

• increased soil erosion

• climate change exacerbation and biodiversity decline, often driven by agriculture

• urbanization

• mining

Human and natural causes for deforestation 

human

• Agricultural expansion

• Projects to improve infrastructure

• Poor forest management

• Wars and civil distribution

• Pursuit of economic development

natural

• Insects, pests, diseases

• Wildfires

• Short term: Storms, drought, landslides, volcanos

• Long Term: Climate change

Interconnection between human and natural causes

• Overall, human activity is the driver of deforestation

• Human activities are speeding up natural climate change

• Human disturbances like selective logging and land clearing, forest edges become more prone to natural disturbances 

• Clearance areas for agriculture and cattle ranching are more susceptible to fires

Causes for deforestation (agricultural expansion)

• responsible for 73% of global deforestation

• supported by government subsidies to promote food security

• cattle ranching accounts for 80% of forest clearing in the Brazilian rainforest

Causes for deforestation (poor forest management)

• lack of workforce capacity to enforce laws

• international criminal police organisation (INTERPOL) estimates forestry crimes total 51 billion USD - $152 billion USD per year (3/4 of this comes from Indonesia and Brazil)

• high corruption because forest products provide high financial rewards

• logging licenses often encourage rapid wasteful exploitation for short term financial gain

Causes for deforestation (wildfires)

• affects about 3% of global forest area each year

• primarily in dry temperate & tropical regions

• e.g australia, canada, chile, greece

• some forests naturally regenerate after a fire, or even depend on fires to regenerate

Causes for deforestation (pursuit of economic development)

• underlying driver for deforestation

• as countries develop economically, deforestation occurs rapidly

• event in warmer climate

• forest dieback has been documented n every vegetated content over the past three decades

impacts of deforestation on the economy

• Brazil could face losses of $317 Billion per year if amazon deforestation continues - short term gain for individuals

• non-timber forest products need forest ro survive (rubber, Brazil nut and açai) - contributes income to 6 million households in Brazil

• forest sector makes up 1.2% of brazils GDP - most of deforestation that happens is illegal

impacts of deforestation on society

social

• indigenous communities - 422 indigenous reserves, 700,000 indigenous people live in reserves

• deforestation on indigenous lands has increased by 129% between 2013 and 2021

• health - air pollution = respiratory issues

• vulnerable groups will me harmed more, long term effects from toxic pollutants can cause cardiovascular diseases and premature death

impacts of deforestation on the environment

environment

• biodiversity - 3 million species live in the amazon rainforest

• estimated 137 plant, animal, insect species lost in amazon east year

• waters absorbanccy is reduced, as well as quality and increased erosion

• adding to climate change - reducing carbon sink, less trees to take in more carbon

Location of japan

East Aisa

36.2° N 138.2° E

Population statistics

124 million

‘hyper-aged’ - >30% of citizens are over 65

median age is 48 - nearing post reproductive years

aging and declining pop

uneven distribution of pop - higher in the south

capital city is tokyo - 13 million people live there

literacy rate is 99%

highest average life expectancy in the world - 88 for women & 81 for men

Geographic features

made up of around 6800 islands

¾ is mountainous because of tectonic plate movement along pacific ridge

temp is temperate, varies from north to south

37,000 square kilometers, which is about 120th the size of Australia

What is causing the shrinking & aging population (population dynamics data)

current DTM stage: 5

peak pop was 148 million in 2010

pop pyramid went from: pyramid to coffin

BR: 6 per 1000 people

DR: 12 per 1000 people

TFR: 1.21

IMR: 1.50 (good healthcare)

LE: 84 yrs

pop growth rate: -0.4% (2024)

About the smaller workforce in Japan

Workforce has been declining since 1995

because of aging population

less people contributing to the economy

Social drivers for a smaller workforce

Social/cultural drivers

• low birth rate - 6

• high life expectancy - 84

• work habits - 11% of employees work >60 hours per week (8 hours each day w/ no weekends)

• family-based support for the elderly means less time at work, making money and contributing to the economy

• Traditional gender roles - women leave the workforce once they get married and have children

What is the population trend in japan

Aging and shrinking population

One issue the population faces becuse of shrinking & aging population

smaller work force, smaller domestic market, less women having children

Context for smaller work force

• Employment-to-population ratio is 60.2% in 2024

• minimum mandatory retirement age is 60

• uneven old age dependency ratio

• working-age population fell 13% (from 87.3 million in 1995 to 73.7 million in 2024)

• low immigration - represent only about 2% of Japan's population (approximately 2.93 million people in 2020)

• Only about 11% of Japan's land is arable

Context for smaller domestic market

smaller population directly results in a smaller domestic market and less demand for goods and services, negatively impacting the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Context for women having less children

• Childbearing in Japan is strongly linked to marriage, but marriage rates are falling

• average age of marriage for Japanese women has increased to 29.9 years. This results in fewer reproductive years to have children

• Long working hours - averaging up to 60 hours per week for employees

• 11% working > 60 hours

• More than 50% of women stop working after the birth of their first child

• husbands contribution to household tasks never exceed 5.3 hours per week on average

• husbands have estimated 1 hour of childcare contribution compared to 3 in the USA and Germany

what are the challenges faced because of the smaller work force, smaller domestic market, less women having children

WF -Increased Elderly Dependency Ratio - elderly dependency ratio increased rapidly

• 7 economically active individuals supporting each person over 65 in 1985

• 2.8 in 2010

• projected to fall to 1.7 by 2035

• less government revenue from taxation

• Benefits for the aged account for about 70% of Japan's total social security expenditure

• exceeds ¥2,200 billion annually and is expected to grow

• proportion of the 0 to 14 age group has significantly reduced, almost by one-third between 1950 and 2020, to 12%

What’s a response to Increased Elderly Dependency Ratio

self-driving tractors using GNSS (geographic navigation satellite systems)

• first automatic tractor was made in 2017

• updated in 2020 with x-tractor (which uses AI)

• 11,000 units were sold in 2024

• 38% of tractors sold in 2024 are semi-automatic

• costs between $160-$250 AUD NEW

• operated with supervision

• provides accurate plowing, seeding & fertilization

How has the Kubota tractors affected the environment

Environ Factors

• reducing waste or runoff of fertilizers

how has the Kubota tractors affected the economy

Economic factors

• significant investment - $160,000 and $250,000 Australian Dollars.

• reduce the labor needed in the fields - lead to cost savings for farmers by lowering labor expenses

• Improved Efficiency and Accuracy - X-Tractor model, updated in 2020, uses AI to achieve accuracy between 1-5 cm, leads to more efficient use of resources and potentially higher yields

how has the Kubota tractors affected the social

Social factors

• Response to Aging Farmers - helps alleviate the physical demands of farming

• average age of Japanese farmers increased from 51 years in 1980 to 65 years in 2020, with 70% of farmers aged 65 years and over in 2020

Effectiveness (SAFFEIT)

sustainability - could prevent eventual runoff, keeps waterways healthy

accessibility - expensive (160,000-250,000 AUD), able to be accessed on phone

flexibility - precise between 1-5 cm accuracy using AI

fairness - using a retrofitted tractor ($17,000 AUD)

effectiveness - uses GNSS/QZSS (quasi-zenith satellite system) to reduce labor shortages

incentives - the profit from the more precise harvesting

time - reduces travel time to operate vehicle

How much of present-day land cover is: Forest

31% worldwide, unequally distributed

17% australia found primarily on the coast

temperate and tropical regions

How much of present-day land cover is: Grassland

40% worldwide, found in clusters

70% australia

between forests and deserts at subtropical latitudes

How much of present-day land cover is: Tundra

10% worldwide

0% australia

in and close to polar regions

all found 60° north

How much of present-day land cover is: Barelands

35% worldwide uneven and sparse

35% australia

tends to be in countries close to the equator

How much of present-day land cover is: Wetlands

6% Worldwide

6% Australia

found below the arctic and tropical regions and on the coast

How much of present-day land cover is: Ice

10% Worldwide evenly in polar and arctic regions

made up of ice sheets, glaciers and sea ice

How much of present-day land cover is: Water

71% of the worldwide

How much of the earths surface was covered by ice during the LGM

8%

How much of the earth land surface was covered by ice during the LGM

25% during the LGM

11% Present-day

How much did the temperature rise near the south pole during the warm event

4°

How much of earths surface was covered in forest during the HCO

47% worldwide

Local response to melting glaciers and ice sheets (ilulissat hydroelectric project)

aim: replace diesel generated energy in green energy

uses meltwater coming from permafrost layers and glaciers

Located in west Greenland

started in September 2013

produced energy for ilulissat (pop of 4,500)

plants capacity is 22.5 megawatts

45k’s NE of town

turbines are as deep as 200m below surface

provides 20-30% of greenlands power

funded by gov

clean energy = less heat and less reliance on fossil fuels

National response to melting glaciers and ice sheets (tourism)

introduced in 2021 and ran throughout 2021-2024, post pandemic

aims to rebuild tourism post-covid-19 to distribute tourism seasonally and geographically

interconnected with broader national tourism to open new and larger

airports in ilulissat and nuuk

global tourism is projected to geow 13.3% per year from 2019-2026

Global response to melting glaciers and ice sheets (COP)

Conference of parties

under the UN framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC)

made up of 200 countries as of 2024

aims: to limit climate change at 2^oC above pre-industrial levels

avg temp as risen 1.5^oC since 1850 - more manageable than 2^oC

Europe greenhouse gas pollution dropped by 18% in 2024

COP 26 (2021) was last chance to save planet from effects of more than 1.5^oC warming

2015 Paris agreement was first time countries held themselves accountable - legally binding

Geospatial response to melting glaciers and ice sheets (PROMICE)

began in 2007 - 18 years of solid data now

ran by the department of glaciology and climate at the geological survey of Denmark and Greenland 

monitors/assess’:

• ice thickness

• ice extent

• signs of ice loss

• mass loss on ice sheet specifically

• change in ice sheet over time as a result of global warming

done by:

• airborne surveys to gather data using LIDAR & RADAR (Light/Radio detection and ranging)

• GNSS units used to measure ablation 

• automatic weather stations in Greenland

keeps well documented and open source database

Location (Absolute and Relative)

71.7^o N, 42.6^o W

In the north Atlantic ocean, off northeastern coast of Canada

Human characteristics

Speak greenlandic and Danish

pop concentrated on southwest coast

0.14 people per km²

56,000 population

major cities: Nuuk, sisjimiut & ilulissat

self governed

Geographic characteristics

Geologically apart of North America

1.71 million km²

80% ice

avg thickness of ice is 2km

max thickness is over 3km, central east

10% of earths ice

10% of earths freshwater

ice per km² is 1.7

215 glaciers

HCO (Holocene climactic optimum)

warm period from 9,000-5,000 years ago, started 15,000 years ago after age age (glacial termination)

large ice sheets covering NA and Europe started melting

event consisted of 4^oC increase near north pole

southern Europe experienced cooling

avg temp change declines rapidly due to latitude

why?

• Milankovitch cycles - change in earths orbit = increased solar radiation in the horthern hemisphere

• Greenhouse gas levels - co2 & methane concentration in the atmosphere began to rise due to human activities (deforestation & agriculture)

compared to today

• temps warmer than now

• tropics and parts of southern hemisphere were cooler than average 

LCM (Last Glacial Maximum)

18,000-20,000 years ago

last ‘ice age’ where land ice was dominant

8% (today is 3% )of world surface was covered by ice (including land & sea ice)

25% (today is 3%) of earths land surface was covered in ice

sea level was approximately 112-125cm lower than today

surface temp was 4-6^oC colder than average median temp

Cooling was distributed unevenly

• Antarctica stayed the same 

• North Pole changed - ice formed over land meaning it melted quicker 

forest cover was less expensive, climate caused cooler and drier rainfall

grassland became more widespread

africa had grasslands in the south & deserts in the north (closer to equator)

aisa had a mix of tropical deserts in the west, alpine deserts in the north

grasslands in indian subcontinent 

Anatomy of an Ice Sheet

Outlet Glacier

Ice Shelf

Icebergs

Exposed rock

Sea Ice

Moulin

Anatomy of a Glacier

Horn

Arete

Terminal moraine

maternal moraine

Cirque

Calving

General process for melting

accumulation

• temps are cold

• snow collects, adds to mass

• starts with first autumn snow

• older snow compacts

ablation

• mass starts to reduce (melting, calving or sublimation/evaporation)

• starts late spring

• warm air & sun melts snow and ice into water

• calving happens, otherwise slow shrinkage

• all new snow disappears from lower reaches of glacier

• remaining snow form hard layer of firm

• new equilibrium line is made 

Human and natural causes for melting

natural

variation in solar energy

• not consistent 

• milankovitch cycle correspond with periods of glaciation 

volcanic activity

• significant amounts of dust and gas ejected into the air = both warming and cooling

deep water currents

• aka thermohaline circulation

• driven by differences in water density due to temp and salinity 

human

localized addition of heat

• activities of everyday living into the atmosphere (industrial processes - heating, cooling, transport)

alteration of landscapes

• changed in albedo (light refraction)

• clearance of forests

• urbanization

• changed in soil moisture

Interconnection between human and natural causes of melting ice in Greenland

amplification

• humans accelerate naturally occurring processes

• like fluctuations of cold and warm periods

• rate of melting that is faster than what would occur through natural cycles alone

• release of more greenhouse gasses (co2) from burning fossil fuels has strengthened the natural greenhouse effect

• human-induced warming is laid on top of the natural cycles - increasing global average temp

positive feedback loop

• Ice reflects most sunlight back into space, helps keep planet cool

• Ice melts naturally after ice age - darker ground exposed = absorbs more sunlight as heat - more melt

• Humans cause initial melt from activities - natural melt is accelerated more with more ground exposed

Causes for melting ice sheets (plate tectonics)

redistribution of land masses change climates as continents move into different latitudes

changes sunlight reflection and ocean heat balance

long term process

Causes for melting ice sheets (increase in global temperatures)

human and natural

global temps have increased by at least .94^oC since 1880

estimated 40% of ice in the arctic melting is due to warming

more ablation over accumulation

could be from volcanic activity or output of greenhouse gasses

Causes for melting ice sheets (cryoconite)

airborne material from industry, desert dust and volcanic particulate 

melting is increased because it settles on ice pats

reduces albedo (light refraction) and accelerates melting

Causes for melting ice sheets (population change)

60% of all emissions come from cities

emissions come from reduction of forest of forest cover and mangroves (carbon sinks)

methane from thawing permafrost enhances emissions

421 ppm of co2, pre industrial co2 was 250 ppm

impacts of melting ice on the economy

economy (fishing)

• warmer water brings different fish species - shrimp, cod, salmon

• increase in fishing industry

• large companies adapt better than small independent companies - struggle to buy new equipment (e.g bigger boats, nets, processing machinery, crab pots & trawlers)

• fishing export has grown from 138 million USD (1980) to 470 million USD (2014) - 34 years

impacts of melting ice on the society

society

• changing diets - replacing traditional foods (seal & whale) to imported food

•                         - native fish are leaving because of increase of freshwater from melting ice

• people leaving/migration - women aged between 15-25 leaving for education or better job offers and resources and more housing accessibility

• average of 2,544 people leaving every year (data from 2012-2022)

impacts of melting ice on environment

environment

• water salinity changing because of glacial meltwater

• more land for agriculture - land increased 30%, no. of farms decreased by 20% both in the last 20 years

• lack of nutrients in soil after melting means bad soil quality

• rate of melting increased - 5x greater in last 20 years than pre-industrial levels

land cover (purpose, define)

define:

• Area with specific regulations and rules governing the types of land uses

• determine building activities and development permitted within it

purpose:

• To regulate land use

  protects resources

  avoids conflicts between different land uses

land cover example

Residential

Commercial

industrial

agricultural

recreation

historic

example of property overlays

Vegetation protection

environmental significance

bushfire management

erosion management

flooding

design & development

difference between land cover and land use

land cover is what covers the surface, land use is how the land itself is used

what zones are in paynesville

General residential zones

public park & recreation zones

mixed use zones

industrial zones

public use zones

FZ zone (purpose)

farming zone

purpose:

• to provide land use for agriculture

• encourage use & development with sustainable land development practices efficient land use