Chapter 19: blood

blood, heart, blood vessels

three components of cardiovascular system

hematology

study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorder associated with them

Blood

liquid con nective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix

blood plasma

extracellular matrix that suspends various cells and cell fragments

Interstitial fluid

fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood

38C

temperature of blood

7\.35 to 7.45

pH of blood

blood test

laboratory analysis of the components of blood

Complete blood count (CBC).

measures the number and size of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; the number and per centage of each type of white blood cell in a sample of 100 cell; and the number of platelets

Basic metabolic panel

measure the levels of different chemicals in blood

Blood enzyme tests.

determine the levels and activity of certain enzymes as indicators of organ damage

Lipoprotein panel.

several tests assess the risk of heart disease

blood plasma, formed elements

Two components of blood

blood plasma

What forms a layer on top of the blood when it is centrifuged

blood plasma

watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances

buffy coat layer

layer between RBCs and blood plasma in cetrifuged blood; composed of WBCs and platelets

Hepatocytes

Cells that synthesize most of the blood plasma proteins

gamma globulins

certain blood cells develop into plasmocytes that produce _____

antibodies (immunoglobins)

produced during certain immune responses

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

three principal components of formed elements

Red blood cells

transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs

White blood cells

protect the body from invading pathogen and other foreign substances

Platelets

fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus

thrombocytes

nucleated cells found in lower vertebrates that prevent blood loss by clotting blood.

hemetocrit

percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs

38-46%

normal range of hematocrit for adult females

40-54%

normal range of hematocrit for adult males

Testosterone

stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the production of RBCs

Anemia

Lower than normal number of RBCs

polycythemia

percentage of RBCs is abnormally high

hemapoiesis

process by which the formed elements of blood develop

umbilical vesicle

hemapoiesis first occur in the _____

Red bone marrow

primary site of hemopoiesis in the last 3 months before birth, and continues as a source of blood

Red bone marrow

highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue

mesenchyme

multipotent stem cells are derived from ______

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells

two types of stem cells produces by multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow

Myeloid stem cells

give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

Lymphoid stem cells

gives rise to lymphocyes and natural killer cells; continue its development in lymphoid tissue

progenitor cells

some of the myeloid stem cells dif ferentiate into _____ which are no lon ger capable of reproducing themselves and are committed to giving rise to more specific elements of blood

Erythrocytes

CFU-E produces _____

megakaryocytes

CFU-Meg produces _____, source of platelets

granulocytes and monocytes

CFU-GM produces ____

hemopoietic growth factors

regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells

erythropoietin

increases the number of red blood cell precursors

kidneys

Erythropoietin is produced primarily by cells in _____

Thrombopoietin

stimulates the formation of platelets from mega karyocytes

liver

Thrombopoietin is produced by ____

Cytokines

small glycoprotein produced by cells; acts as local hormones

stimulate pro liferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and regulate the activities of cells involved in nonspecific defenses and immune responses

colony stimulating factors and interleukins

families of cytokines that stimulate the production of WBCs

hemoglobin

oxygen-carrier protein that gives blood its red color

globin

protein in hemoglobin that is composed of four polypeptide chains

heme

ringlike nonprotein pigment in hemoglobin

iron ion

found at the center of the heme ring that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule

Erythropoiesis

production of RBCs

Starts in the red bone marrow with precursor cell called proerythroblast

Hypoxia

Main stimulus for erythropoieis

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

reticulocyte count

measures the rate of erythropoiesis

Granular leukocytes

• neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

• displays conspicuous granules with distinctive coloration that can be recognized under a light microscope

agranular leukocytes

• lymphocytes and monocytes

• posses cytoplasmic granules

• not visible under a light microscope

• Poor staining qualities

Neutrophil

• granules are smaller than those of other granular leukocytes,

• evenly distributed

• pale lilac

• nucleus has two to five lobes

Eosinophil

• large, uniform-sized granules

• stain red-orange with acidic dyes

Basophil

• round, variable sized granules

• stain blue-purple with basic dyes

Lymphocyte

• nucleus staons dark and is round or slightly indented

• cytoplasm stains sky blue

• forms a rim around the nucleus

Monocyte

• nucleus is either kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped

• cytoplasm is blue-gray

• foamy appearance

azurophilic granules

the color of cytoplasm of monocyte is due to ______

leukocytosis

increase in the number of WBCs which is a normal protective response to stresses

leukopenia

abnormally low level of white blood cells

emigration

process in whihc WBCs leave the bloodstream

neutrophils

which WBCs respond more quickly to tissue destruction by microbes

eosinophils

release enzymes that combat the effects of histamine and other substances in volved in inflammation during allergic reactions

high eosinophil count

indicates an allergic condition or a parasitic infection

Basophil

releases substances that intensify the inflammatory reaction and are involved in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions

B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells

three main types of lymphocytes

B cells

effective in destroying microbes and inactivating their toxins

T cells

attack infected body cells and tumor cells

responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs

Wandering macrophages

clean up cellular debris and microbes by phagocytosis after an infection

high count of neutrophils

indicates bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation.

low count of neutrophils

indicates radiation exposure, drug toxicity, vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus.

high count of lymphocytes

indicates viral infections, some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis.

low count of lymphocytes

indicates Prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol.

high count of monocytes

indicates Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases.

low count of monocytes

Bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol.

low count of eosinophils

Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions.

high count of basophils

Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism.

low count of basophils

Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism.

macrophages

Aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed ____ in the spleen and liver.

bone marrow transplant

replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with a healthy one

graft-versus-host disease

a reaction wherein transplanted red bone mar row may produce T cells that attack the recipient’s tissues

hemorrhage

loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels.

vascular spasm.

a reaction during the damaging of arteries wherein circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately

platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF)

hormone that can cause proliferation of vas cular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle fibers, and fi broblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls

platelet plug formation

1. platelet adhesion

2. platelet release reaction

3. platelet aggregation

platelet plug

a mass formed by the accumulation of large numbers of platelets

blood serum

blood plasma minus the clotting proteins

blood clot

gel blood; consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin

clotting (coagulation)

process of gel formation; series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads

thrombosis

clotting in an undamaged blood vessel

Clot retraction

consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot

vitamin K

fat-soluble vitamin that can be absorbed through the lining of the intestine and into the blood if absorption of lipids is normal

fibrinolysis

Dissolution of a clot

plasminogen

inactive blood plasma enzyme that is incorporated into the clot