Chapter 19: blood

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139 Terms

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blood, heart, blood vessels
three components of cardiovascular system
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hematology
study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and the disorder associated with them
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Blood
liquid con nective tissue that consists of cells surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix
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blood plasma
extracellular matrix that suspends various cells and cell fragments
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Interstitial fluid
fluid that bathes body cells and is constantly renewed by the blood
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38C
temperature of blood
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7\.35 to 7.45
pH of blood
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blood test
laboratory analysis of the components of blood
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Complete blood count (CBC).
measures the number and size of red blood cells, hemoglobin, and hematocrit; the number and per centage of each type of white blood cell in a sample of 100 cell; and the number of platelets
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Basic metabolic panel
measure the levels of different chemicals in blood
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Blood enzyme tests.
determine the levels and activity of certain enzymes as indicators of organ damage
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Lipoprotein panel.
several tests assess the risk of heart disease
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blood plasma, formed elements
Two components of blood
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blood plasma
What forms a layer on top of the blood when it is centrifuged
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blood plasma
watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
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buffy coat layer
layer between RBCs and blood plasma in cetrifuged blood; composed of WBCs and platelets
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Hepatocytes
Cells that synthesize most of the blood plasma proteins
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gamma globulins
certain blood cells develop into plasmocytes that produce _____
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antibodies (immunoglobins)
produced during certain immune responses
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Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
three principal components of formed elements
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Red blood cells
transport oxygen from the lungs to body cells and deliver carbon dioxide from body cells to the lungs
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White blood cells
protect the body from invading pathogen and other foreign substances
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Platelets
fragments of cells that do not have a nucleus
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thrombocytes
nucleated cells found in lower vertebrates that prevent blood loss by clotting blood.
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hemetocrit
percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs
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38-46%
normal range of hematocrit for adult females
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40-54%
normal range of hematocrit for adult males
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Testosterone
stimulates synthesis of erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates the production of RBCs
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Anemia
Lower than normal number of RBCs
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polycythemia
percentage of RBCs is abnormally high
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hemapoiesis
process by which the formed elements of blood develop
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umbilical vesicle
hemapoiesis first occur in the _____
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Red bone marrow
primary site of hemopoiesis in the last 3 months before birth, and continues as a source of blood
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Red bone marrow
highly vascularized connective tissue located in the microscopic spaces between trabeculae of spongy bone tissue
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mesenchyme
multipotent stem cells are derived from ______
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myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
two types of stem cells produces by multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow
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Myeloid stem cells
give rise to red blood cells, platelets, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
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Lymphoid stem cells
gives rise to lymphocyes and natural killer cells; continue its development in lymphoid tissue
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progenitor cells
some of the myeloid stem cells dif ferentiate into _____ which are no lon ger capable of reproducing themselves and are committed to giving rise to more specific elements of blood
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Erythrocytes
CFU-E produces _____
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megakaryocytes
CFU-Meg produces _____, source of platelets
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granulocytes and monocytes
CFU-GM produces ____
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hemopoietic growth factors
regulate the differentiation and proliferation of particular progenitor cells
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erythropoietin
increases the number of red blood cell precursors
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kidneys
Erythropoietin is produced primarily by cells in _____
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Thrombopoietin
stimulates the formation of platelets from mega karyocytes
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liver
Thrombopoietin is produced by ____
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Cytokines
small glycoprotein produced by cells; acts as local hormones

stimulate pro liferation of progenitor cells in red bone marrow and regulate the activities of cells involved in nonspecific defenses and immune responses
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colony stimulating factors and interleukins
families of cytokines that stimulate the production of WBCs
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hemoglobin
oxygen-carrier protein that gives blood its red color
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globin
protein in hemoglobin that is composed of four polypeptide chains
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heme
ringlike nonprotein pigment in hemoglobin
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iron ion
found at the center of the heme ring that can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule
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Erythropoiesis
production of RBCs

Starts in the red bone marrow with precursor cell called proerythroblast
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Hypoxia
Main stimulus for erythropoieis

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
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reticulocyte count
measures the rate of erythropoiesis
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Granular leukocytes
* neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
* displays conspicuous granules with distinctive coloration that can be recognized under a light microscope
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agranular leukocytes
* lymphocytes and monocytes
* posses cytoplasmic granules
* not visible under a light microscope
* Poor staining qualities
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Neutrophil
* granules are smaller than those of other granular leukocytes,
* evenly distributed
* pale lilac
* nucleus has two to five lobes
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Eosinophil
* large, uniform-sized granules
* stain red-orange with acidic dyes
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Basophil
* round, variable sized granules
* stain blue-purple with basic dyes
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Lymphocyte
* nucleus staons dark and is round or slightly indented
* cytoplasm stains sky blue
* forms a rim around the nucleus
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Monocyte
* nucleus is either kidney-shaped or horseshoe-shaped
* cytoplasm is blue-gray
* foamy appearance
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azurophilic granules
the color of cytoplasm of monocyte is due to ______
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leukocytosis
increase in the number of WBCs which is a normal protective response to stresses
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leukopenia
abnormally low level of white blood cells
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emigration
process in whihc WBCs leave the bloodstream
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neutrophils
which WBCs respond more quickly to tissue destruction by microbes
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eosinophils
release enzymes that combat the effects of histamine and other substances in volved in inflammation during allergic reactions
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high eosinophil count
indicates an allergic condition or a parasitic infection
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Basophil
releases substances that intensify the inflammatory reaction and are involved in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions
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B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells
three main types of lymphocytes
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B cells
effective in destroying microbes and inactivating their toxins
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T cells
attack infected body cells and tumor cells

responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs
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Wandering macrophages
clean up cellular debris and microbes by phagocytosis after an infection
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high count of neutrophils
indicates bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation.
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low count of neutrophils
indicates radiation exposure, drug toxicity, vitamin B12 deficiency, systemic lupus erythematosus.
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high count of lymphocytes
indicates viral infections, some leukemias, infectious mononucleosis.
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low count of lymphocytes
indicates Prolonged illness, HIV infection, immunosuppression, treatment with cortisol.
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high count of monocytes
indicates Viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemias, other chronic diseases.
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low count of monocytes
Bone marrow suppression, treatment with cortisol.
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low count of eosinophils
Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergic reactions.
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high count of basophils
Allergic reactions, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidism.
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low count of basophils
Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism.
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macrophages
Aged and dead platelets are removed by fixed ____ in the spleen and liver.
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bone marrow transplant
replacement of cancerous or abnormal red bone marrow with a healthy one
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graft-versus-host disease
a reaction wherein transplanted red bone mar row may produce T cells that attack the recipient’s tissues
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hemorrhage
loss of a large amount of blood from the vessels.
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vascular spasm.
a reaction during the damaging of arteries wherein circularly arranged smooth muscle in their walls contracts immediately
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platelet- derived growth factor (PDGF)
hormone that can cause proliferation of vas cular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle fibers, and fi broblasts to help repair damaged blood vessel walls
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platelet plug formation

1. platelet adhesion
2. platelet release reaction
3. platelet aggregation
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platelet plug
a mass formed by the accumulation of large numbers of platelets
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blood serum
blood plasma minus the clotting proteins
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blood clot
gel blood; consists of a network of insoluble protein fibers called fibrin
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clotting (coagulation)
process of gel formation; series of chemical reactions that culminates in formation of fibrin threads
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thrombosis
clotting in an undamaged blood vessel
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Clot retraction
consolidation or tightening of the fibrin clot
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vitamin K
fat-soluble vitamin that can be absorbed through the lining of the intestine and into the blood if absorption of lipids is normal
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fibrinolysis
Dissolution of a clot
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plasminogen
inactive blood plasma enzyme that is incorporated into the clot