types of hormones

what are the 2 hormones based on structure

water soluble

lipid soluble

what are the hormones under water soluble

peptides and proteins

amino acid derivatives

what are the hormones under lipid soluble

steroid

fatty acid derivatives

what kind of hormones is glucagon

protein hormone - water soluble

The process of creating the peptide hormone glucagon with 29 amino acids.

Glucagon Synthesis

The first step in protein synthesis where mRNA is synthesized from a gene located in the chromosome.

Transcription

The initial form of the protein synthesized before being modified to form mature glucagon.

Proglucagon

The process of cutting the proglucagon at specific locations to form the mature glucagon with 29 amino acids.

Cleavage

The synthesis of glucagon begins with:

Transcription of a gene

Glucagon is synthesized in

The pancreas

The mature form of glucagon contains

29 amino acids

what is the product of proglucagon in the intestine and brain

GLP1 and GLp2

what are the two groups of hormones derives from the amino acid

tyrosine

tryptophan

tyrosine produces?

thyroid hormones and catecholamines

tryptophan produces?

melationin

main building blocks of thryoid hormones

tyrosine and iodine

two main types of thyroid hormones

T3 (triiodotyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)

how are thyroid hormones formed

by modigying a protein called thyroglobulin with iodine

how are thyroid hormones transported i the blood

bound to thryoxine binding globulin (TBG)

thyroid hormones are derived from?

thyroxine

what hormone is a catecholamine?

amine hormones - water soluble

what hormones is a thyroid hormone?

amine homrone - water soluble

what kind of amine hormone is both neurohormones and neurotransmitters?

catecholamines

catecholamines include what kind of hormone?

epinephrine

norepinephrine

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by

adrenal medulla

What is the starting material used for synthesizing catecholamines?

tyrosine

What is the product formed by the hydroxylation of tyrosine?

Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)

Dopamine can function as both a:

Neurotransmitter and a hormone

In which order are the catecholamines typically synthesized?

Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Where does the primary synthesis of epinephrine occur?

adrenal medulla

what kind of hormone is a dopamine

amine hormone - water soluble

all steroid hormones are derived from?

cholesterol

steroid hormone differ only in the ?

ring structure and side chains attached to it

Where do the enzymatic steps for converting cholesterol to steroid hormones primarily occur?

Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum

What is the starting material for steroid hormone synthesis within the cell?

Cholesterol

What is the rate-limiting step in the overall process of steroid hormone synthesis?

The transport of cholesterol into the mitochondria

what protein facilitates the transport of cholesterol into the mitochondria for steroidogenesis?

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)

the ___________________– brings the cholesterol to the mitochondria where the synthesis of the steroid hormone starts

Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)

what kind of hormone is glucocorticoids

steroid hormone - lipid soluble

what kind of hormone is mineralocorticoids

steroid hormone - lipid soluble

what kind of hormone is androgens ?

steroid hormone - lipid soluble

what kind of hormone is estrogen

steroid hormone - lipid soluble

what kind of hormone is progesterone?

steroid hormone - lipid soluble

Why are steroid hormones transported in the blood bound to proteins?

Because they are water-soluble and need no carrier

Can a steroid hormone be converted to a different active form in the target cell?

Yes, in some cases conversion can occur.

example of a steroid hormone that is converted to a different active form in the target cell.

Androgen (converted to estrogen)

1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 id derived from

cholesterol and is lipid soluble

1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 acts as

true hormone

What is the starting material for Vitamin D3 synthesis in the body?

Dihydrocholesterol

How is Vitamin D3 initially activated?

Through exposure to sunlight in the skin

Vitamin D3 undergoes further modifications in which organs to become its active form?

liver and kidneys

the most abundant precursor of fatty acid derivatives

arachidonic acids

Where are the stores of arachidonic acid, the precursor for eicosanoids, located in the cell?

Within membrane lipids

How are arachidonic acid stores released for eicosanoid synthesis?

Through the action of various lipases

What is the general term for the fatty acid derivatives produced from arachidonic acid?

Eicosanoids

Which enzymes are primarily responsible for converting arachidonic acid into eicosanoids?

Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase

fatty acids are rapidly inactivated by being ______________

metabolized

TRUE OR FALSE

fatty acid derivates are typically active only for a few seconds

TRUE

are a large group of molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids

Eicosanoids

what kidn of hormone is eicosanoids

fatty acid derivative - lipid soluble

the main groups of hormones of eicosanoids are

prostaglandins,

prostacyclins,

leukotrienes and

thromboxanes.