Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
what are the 2 hormones based on structure
water soluble
lipid soluble
what are the hormones under water soluble
peptides and proteins
amino acid derivatives
what are the hormones under lipid soluble
steroid
fatty acid derivatives
what kind of hormones is glucagon
protein hormone - water soluble
The process of creating the peptide hormone glucagon with 29 amino acids.
Glucagon Synthesis
The first step in protein synthesis where mRNA is synthesized from a gene located in the chromosome.
Transcription
The initial form of the protein synthesized before being modified to form mature glucagon.
Proglucagon
The process of cutting the proglucagon at specific locations to form the mature glucagon with 29 amino acids.
Cleavage
The synthesis of glucagon begins with:
Transcription of a gene
Glucagon is synthesized in
The pancreas
The mature form of glucagon contains
29 amino acids
what is the product of proglucagon in the intestine and brain
GLP1 and GLp2
what are the two groups of hormones derives from the amino acid
tyrosine
tryptophan
tyrosine produces?
thyroid hormones and catecholamines
tryptophan produces?
melationin
main building blocks of thryoid hormones
tyrosine and iodine
two main types of thyroid hormones
T3 (triiodotyronine) and T4 (thyroxine)
how are thyroid hormones formed
by modigying a protein called thyroglobulin with iodine
how are thyroid hormones transported i the blood
bound to thryoxine binding globulin (TBG)
thyroid hormones are derived from?
thyroxine
what hormone is a catecholamine?
amine hormones - water soluble
what hormones is a thyroid hormone?
amine homrone - water soluble
what kind of amine hormone is both neurohormones and neurotransmitters?
catecholamines
catecholamines include what kind of hormone?
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced by
adrenal medulla
What is the starting material used for synthesizing catecholamines?
tyrosine
What is the product formed by the hydroxylation of tyrosine?
Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)
Dopamine can function as both a:
Neurotransmitter and a hormone
In which order are the catecholamines typically synthesized?
Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine
Where does the primary synthesis of epinephrine occur?
adrenal medulla
what kind of hormone is a dopamine
amine hormone - water soluble
all steroid hormones are derived from?
cholesterol
steroid hormone differ only in the ?
ring structure and side chains attached to it
Where do the enzymatic steps for converting cholesterol to steroid hormones primarily occur?
Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum
What is the starting material for steroid hormone synthesis within the cell?
Cholesterol
What is the rate-limiting step in the overall process of steroid hormone synthesis?
The transport of cholesterol into the mitochondria
what protein facilitates the transport of cholesterol into the mitochondria for steroidogenesis?
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)
the ___________________– brings the cholesterol to the mitochondria where the synthesis of the steroid hormone starts
Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR)
what kind of hormone is glucocorticoids
steroid hormone - lipid soluble
what kind of hormone is mineralocorticoids
steroid hormone - lipid soluble
what kind of hormone is androgens ?
steroid hormone - lipid soluble
what kind of hormone is estrogen
steroid hormone - lipid soluble
what kind of hormone is progesterone?
steroid hormone - lipid soluble
Why are steroid hormones transported in the blood bound to proteins?
Because they are water-soluble and need no carrier
Can a steroid hormone be converted to a different active form in the target cell?
Yes, in some cases conversion can occur.
example of a steroid hormone that is converted to a different active form in the target cell.
Androgen (converted to estrogen)
1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 id derived from
cholesterol and is lipid soluble
1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 acts as
true hormone
What is the starting material for Vitamin D3 synthesis in the body?
Dihydrocholesterol
How is Vitamin D3 initially activated?
Through exposure to sunlight in the skin
Vitamin D3 undergoes further modifications in which organs to become its active form?
liver and kidneys
the most abundant precursor of fatty acid derivatives
arachidonic acids
Where are the stores of arachidonic acid, the precursor for eicosanoids, located in the cell?
Within membrane lipids
How are arachidonic acid stores released for eicosanoid synthesis?
Through the action of various lipases
What is the general term for the fatty acid derivatives produced from arachidonic acid?
Eicosanoids
Which enzymes are primarily responsible for converting arachidonic acid into eicosanoids?
Cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase
fatty acids are rapidly inactivated by being ______________
metabolized
TRUE OR FALSE
fatty acid derivates are typically active only for a few seconds
TRUE
are a large group of molecules derived from polyunsaturated fatty acids
Eicosanoids
what kidn of hormone is eicosanoids
fatty acid derivative - lipid soluble
the main groups of hormones of eicosanoids are
prostaglandins,
prostacyclins,
leukotrienes and
thromboxanes.
