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Thicker myelination
speeds up the transmission of impulses from stimulus to response.
Cerebrospinal fluid
is located in the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.
THC
acts as the body's own anandamide, which ‘ squirts dopamine.
Myelanation
→ Speeds up the rate of transmission by insulating the axon.
electrical charge
When a neurone is not conducting an impulse there is a difference in the across the plasma membrane.
Synapse→ A synapse
is the junction between 2 nerve cells.
Receptors
receive external stimuli and transfer information to effector organs via the nervous system or hormones (via blood)/
Synaptic transmission
slows down reactions.
Voltage
- gated sodium channels are closed but some potassium channels allow K+ to leak out of the axon.
Dendrite → Thin
fibre carrying impulses towards the cell.
higher concentration
There is a(n) of positively charged ions outside the cell than inside.
Membranes
are hyperpolarised when more K+ ions move out than Na+ diffuse in.
Animals
in cold habitats have big axons to compensate for the temperature.
Sensory receptors
also act as transducers.
synaptic cleft
There is a gap () of around 20nm between cells, and chemicals called neurotransmitters diffuse across it.
dendrites
Connectors are called .
Nerves
are bundles of neurons (which contain axons) enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue.
Warm
- blooded animals transmit impulses more quickly and have faster responses.
LSD
Sometimes can excite receptors and sometimes it can inhibit the receptors.
Impulses
are generated when Na+ and K+ change the balance of ions.
Neurons
- ELongated cells consisting of cell body and long, thin axons.
locomotion
They can contract, perform , hunt and feed without a brain.
Dopamine
floods the brain and gives a euphoric sensation.
Nerve nets
are the simplest type of nervous system.
Synapses
are in the grey matter.
Polysynaptic Reflex
- These involve more than one synapse and connecting relay interneurons between sensory and motor neurons e.g hand- withdrawal reflex.
Nissl Granules → Cytoplasmic granules
comprising ribosomes grouped on the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum.
motor neurons
Some nerves contain both sensory and .
White matter →
has a myelin sheath around the neurons.
simple reflex involves
A(n) neurons in the PNS and the spinal cord and often occurs before the conscious brain is aware of it.
Peripheral nervous system
(PNS)- Nerves that come off the spinal cord.
Nervous system
The enables us to gather, transmit and coordinate information.
Membrane layers
3 - The meninges are 3 membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord.
Rod cells
detect dark and light.
Ca2+
causes vesicles to move to the synaptic membrane.
cell body
A(n) may have several dendrites.
Acetylcholine + acetylcholinesterase →
ethanoic acid + choline.
Meningitis
affect the meningies.
Sodium Potassium pips
actively transport sodium ions out of the neurone and potassium ions into the neurone.
Ganglion cells
are sensory cells that can detect stimuli e.g light, sound and touch.
Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons
are found within the brain or spinal cord and connected to voluntary muscles.
reflex action
A(n) is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.
sensory neurons
All have their cell bodies sitting outside the spinal cord dorsal root ganglions,
Cerebrospinal fluid
acts as a cushion.
LSD
resembles serotonin and elicits its effects by binding to serotonin receptors.
Skin
Pain, Pressure, Temperature
CNS
Brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Nerves that come off the spinal cord
Monosynaptic reflex
only one synapse between a sensory neuron and motor neurone e.g knee jerk reflex
Polysynaptic Reflex
These involve more than one synapse and connecting relay interneurons between sensory and motor neurons e.g hand-withdrawal reflex
3 Membrane layers
The meninges are 3 membranes that envelop the brain and spinal cord
Fast
up to 120ms-1
Neurons
ELongated cells consisting of cell body and long, thin axons