apush period 1 and 2

what were pre contact native societies like

very diverse and centered their lives around the climate they lived in and the geography around them

iroquois (before european contact in the americas)

northeastern woodlands, played significant role in the fur trade, permanent villages

pueblos (before european contact in the americas)

lived in present day mexico, known for their dwellings made of adobe, highly developed irrigation system

what was maize cultivation

practice of growing corn and it’s spread from the origin in Mesoamerican throughout the Americas

what did maize cultivation do

settled, lifestyles, fostered, trade, and led to population growth

aztecs (before european contact, groups outside of the americas)

dominant native civilization in mexico, known for their art, architecture, and astronomy

incas ( before european contact, groups outside of the americas)

advanced civilization in peru, known for agriculture techniques like terrace farming, and their large centralized empire

mayans ( before european contact, groups outside of the americas)

flourishing civilization in central and south america, known for advanced written language, math, and calendar systems

ferdinand and isabella

sponsored columbus voyage to the americas

christopher columbus

made the first trip to the americas in 1492 which encouraged further spanish exploration

the columbian exchange

broad process of biological and cultural transfer of animals, plants, diseases, technology, and people between the old world (Europe, Africa, Asia) and the New World (the americas) after 1492

crops that were exchanged

maize, tobacco, potatoes

nomadic vs settled lifestyles

unsettled, and roaming lifestyle rather than staying in one place and settling

maize

staple crop for many native societies; played crucial role in the transition from nomadic lifestyle to settled communities

tobacco

new world plant that became a significant cash crop for all

potatoes

new world crop introduced to europe through the columbian exchange; prevented famine

what animals were brought through the columbian exchange and what was their effect

horses, cattle, pigs, and sheep which changed the lives of Native Americans specifically the horse in the Great Plains (travel further, hunt efficiently) and cattle and other life stock became the foundation for ran hunger

effect of diseases on natives

diseases (smallpox) were introduced during the Columbian exchange, and as native people had no immunity, they rapidly died off; more than half of population

effect of ideas and culture through the columbian exchange

Spread European ideas of Catholicism and many natives were converted

overall effect of the exchange on natives

their populations were decimated, and the introduction of animals caused new land conflicts

effect of the exchange on Europeans

very positive, and introduced many new crops; boosted population growth, and grew the desire to explore and exploit resources from the americas

spanish colonizers goal

wanted to convert natives to christanity specifically catholicism

spanish would enslave natives to use them to mine minerals and work plantation based agriculture; the end goal was to convert them

what was the treaty of Tordesillas?

A agreement between Spain and Portugal, to avoid fighting over newly discovered lands through the drawing of an imaginary line in the Atlantic

what did Spain gain?

everything to the west of the line and exclusive rights to do whatever they pleased with it

what did Portugal gain?

everything to the east of the line and solidified their rights to trade empires in Africa and Asia

what was the encomienda system?

spanish would enslave natives to use them to mine minerals and work plantation based agriculture; the end goal was to convert them

Gold, God, and glory

The main motivations behind European colonization

Spanish conquistadors

explorers who traveled to the Americas to conquer and claim land for Spain; defeated some empires like the Aztecs and Incas

What was the encomienda system?

spanish would enslave natives to use them to mine minerals and work plantation based agriculture; the end goal was to convert them

what were Catholic missions?

Religious organizations established by French and Spanish colonizers who had the goal of converting indigenous groups to Catholicism

What was the Casta system?

spanish colonial social hierarchy in the Americas that defined a person status based on race and ancestry with europeans at the top

What was the Asiento system?

contract granting foreign merchants, rights to supply, enslaved Africans to Spanish colonies which provided labor for Spanish plantation economies

What is feudalism?

Political system, where lords controlled land and in return for service and loyalty, granted parts of it to lesser lords, who would granted to others going all the way down to peasants

What was the Valladolid debate?

Spain’s argument about whether it was right to conquer and enslaved Native Americans

Bartolome de Las Casas

Descended natives, humanity, and rights against Sepulveda

juan Gines de Sepulveda

argued for inferiority, and justified wore to convert natives; against de Las Casas

hernan cortes

Spanish conquistador, who led the expedition that conquered the Aztec empire

French colonization

Focused on the fur trade in interactions with the Iroquois and established alliances with natives

English colonization

Focused on making money in the colonies through joint stock companies

Joint stock companies

Multiple investors, pull resources, and share the risks and profits of a venture

Roanoke colony

failed due to the mysterious ending of the colony

PERIOD 2

Jamestown

colonies struggled greatly in the winter due to the cold bad location, lack of clean water and problems with diseases

What saved Jamestown from extinction?

Tobacco

Quebec

French started settlement in Canada which was an important center for French fur trade

Plymouth colony

pilgrims settlement in Massachusetts to practice their religion freely

enslaved Africans brought to the colonies

started and began the growth of slavery in the Americas

Beaver wars

natives fought each other over control of the fur trade, and Europeans demanded for beaver for which made the worse worse

King Philips war

Major war between natives and English settlers in new England due to increased population, forcing colonists onto native lands

Bacons rebellion

After natives attacked colonists farms colonist got mad and rallied behind Nathaniel bacon to attack nearby natives; they rebelled due to William Berkeley, not doing anything about native attacks

Pueblo revolt

pueblo revolt against Spanish rulers done by working together and driving the Spanish out of modern New Mexico; Worked for a long period of time

Mercantilism

when britain tried to increase its wealth and power by controlling trade, and using the colonies to supply stuff for the mother country

Triangular trade

System of trade between Europe, Africa, and the America’s where manufactured goods were traded for enslaved Africans

Navigation acts

series of English laws that were passed to control colonial trade, required goods be shipped on English ships, and many exports could only be sold to England, which enforced mercantilism

Salutary neglect

British policy of loosely, enforcing trade laws, allowing colonies to govern themselves and develop independent economies due to anger from separating from england

The first great awakening

A religious movement where preachers encourage people to have a personal connection with God, changing how many people thought about religion

George Whitefield

spread sermons ideas across the colonies and preached to large audiences; major great awakening figure

Jonathan Edwards

gave sermons that created intense emotion and fear of sin; major great awakening figure