exercise 5 urinalysis

Nephron

Functional unit of the kidney

Glomerulus

Specialized capillaries with large pores that facilitate filtration of blood

Hydrostatic pressure

Pushing force due to force of gravity of pumping or pumping of heart

Osmotic pressure

Pulling force

Pressure that increases as H2O moves into solution

Filtrate

Fluid and small solutes it contains

Specific gravity

Indicates what portion of solution is solutes

Solutes increase

Density and specific gravity

H2O specific gravity

1.000

if higher specific gravity

Then more concentrated s.g. due to dehydration

If lower specific gravity

Then more diluted

Temperature conversion F° → C°

C° = F-32 / 1.8

Urinalysis

Analysis of Urine to detect presence of solutes in urine and gain info about a person’s health

Hydrometer

Measures urinalysis

Glucose

<100 mg/dl

Glucosuria

Cause by Presence of glucose in urine

Positive for

Diabetes and kidney disorder

Diabetes

Positive glucose and ketones

Insufficient or ineffective insulin production

Kidney disorder

Nephrons dom’t reabsorb nutrients from filtrate

Ketones

<5 mg/dl

Produced when proteins and carbohydrates are metabolized for energy

pH

4.6 - 8.0

Bacteria association with UTI

breaks down urea into alkaline products like ammonia

Protein

<150 mg/dl

Proteinuria

Elevated protein levels in urine

Temporary Proteinuria

Elevated blood flow

Caused by Fever, strenuous exercise, extreme temp, dehydration or UTI

Long term Proteinurea

Caused by kidney disease

Ex: Albumin indicates plasma filtering out

Nitrite

<0.08 mg/dl

May indicates UTI

Bacteria converts Nitrates into Nitrites as part of their metabolic activity

Visual exam

Microscope exams performed on human sediment when chemical exams detect abnormalities

Centrifuge collects ____ at the bottom of the tube.

Sediments (solids)

Indicative of UTI

High glu and ketone

Alkaline

Nitrate

pH

Temporary Proteinurea

Triple phosphate 10x

→ ammonia magnesium and phosphate

Alkaline urine

Calcium phosphate 10x

Calcium oxolate 4x

Hippuric acid -

Colorless and elongated

Acidic urine

Slumped together

Cysteine crystals 10x

Colorless

Hexagon shaped

Acidic urine

Uric Acid 10x

Small amber granulated

Acidic urine

No symptoms = no abnormalities

Acidic urine

Hippuric acid

Cysteine

Uric Acid