linking monosaccharides

Sugar acids

aldehyde can be oxidized to a carboxylic acid

Reducing sugars

Sugars with a free aldehyde. They reduce oxidant agents (Fe, Cu) as they’re oxidized to a carboxylic acid

Reducing sugars need to be in which form

Open chain

Aldonic acid

Oxidation of the aldehyde to a carboxylic acid. Which can cyclize to a lactose (cyclic ester)

O-glycosidic bonds

A bond formed between the anomeric carbon atom of a monosaccharide and the oxygen atom of an alcohol resulting in a glycoside

What do two monosaccharides linked covalently together form

Disaccharides and more complex carbohydrates

How are two molecules of glucose linked

α-1,4-glycosidic bond

Once an anomeric carbon participates in a glycosidic bind can it still be oxidized

No

Glycosyltransferases

Links sugars by O-glycosidic bonds

Sucrose name

α-D-glycoprotein-B-D-fructofuranose

Lactose name

B-D-galactopyranosyl-(1→4)-α -D-glucopyranose

Maltose name

α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)- α-D-glucopyranose

Polysaccharides

Long chains of many monosaccharides joined by O-glycosidic bonds

Three important polysaccharides

Starch, cellulose, glycogen

Starch

Insoluble Energy storage polysaccharides in plants

Starch is made of

Amylose and amylopectin

Amylose

Linear polymer of glucose linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds

Amylopectin

Branched polymer of α-1,4-glycosidic bonds with an α-1,6-glycosidic bond every 30 units

Glycogen

Energy storage polysaccharides in animals found in muscle, liver and tissues

How is glycogen bonded together

Large, branched homopolysaccharide linked by α-1,4-glycosidic bonds beached as α-1,6-glycosidic bonds in every 12 units

How is starch and glycogen digested

Amylopectin, amylose and glycogen are hydrolyzed by α-amylase secreted by salivary glands and pancreas

Cellulose

Cell structure component polysaccharide in plants

How is cellulose bonded

Large, linear homopolysaccharide linked by B-1,4-glycosidic bonds

What is cellulose resistant to

Hydrolysis

What is the most abundant polymer on earth

Cellulose