Video: Tutorial 1 Formulas (2025 Solutions)

Flashcards covering key formulas from Tutorial 1 (2025 Solutions): Voltage gain, SNR, capacitive reactance, high-pass cutoff, AM modulation, carrier and message voltages, and low-pass filter output.

What is the formula for Voltage Gain (in dB)?

Gain (dB) = 20 x log10(Vout / Vin).

This formula calculates the ratio of output voltage to input voltage in decibels, indicating how much the signal has been amplified.

What is the formula for Signal-to-Noise Ratio (in dB)?

S/N Ratio (dB) = 10 x log10(Signal² / Noise²). This formula measures the level of a desired signal compared to the level of background noise, expressed in decibels.

What is the capacitive reactance formula?

Xc = 1 / (2 x π x f x C). This formula calculates the opposition that a capacitor presents to alternating current (AC) in a circuit, where Xc is the capacitive reactance, f is the frequency, and C is the capacitance.

What is the cut-off frequency formula for a High Pass Filter?

fc = 1 / (2 x π x R x C). This formula defines the frequency at which the output voltage is reduced to 70.7% of its maximum value, effectively separating the high-frequency signals from low-frequency signals.

What is the percent modulation formula for AM?

%m = (Vmax - Vmin) / (Vmax + Vmin). This formula calculates the degree of modulation in Amplitude Modulation (AM) by comparing the peak voltage levels of the modulated signal.

What is the peak-to-peak voltage of the carrier (Vpp) in AM?

Vpp = (Vmax + Vmin) / 2. This formula calculates the peak-to-peak voltage of the carrier signal in Amplitude Modulation (AM), where Vmax and Vmin are the maximum and minimum voltage levels of the modulated signal.

What is the peak voltage of the carrier (Vpeak) in AM?

Vpeak = Vpp / 2. This formula determines the peak voltage of the carrier signal in Amplitude Modulation (AM) by dividing the peak-to-peak voltage (Vpp) by 2, ensuring accurate modulation representation.

What is the peak of the message signal formula in AM?

Vmessage = %m x Vpeak. The peak voltage of the message signal is calculated by multiplying the percent modulation by the peak voltage of the carrier.

What is the low-pass filter output voltage formula?

Vout = Vin * Xc / sqrt(R² + Xc²). This formula calculates the output voltage of a low-pass filter, where Vin is the input voltage, R is the resistance, and Xc is the capacitive reactance. It describes how the output voltage depends on these parameters in filtering high-frequency signals.