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Medici family
The influential Florentine dynasty that shaped Renaissance politics.
Florentine Republic
The government of Florence, the arena for Machiavelli’s political theories.
Alexander VI
The controversial pope (Rodrigo Borgia) whose reign affected political dynamics.
Girolamo Savonarola
The radical reformer in Florence whose downfall highlighted the perils of extreme change.
Cesare Borgia
The ruler used by Machiavelli as an exemplar of ruthless, effective statecraft.
Piero Soderini
The Florentine statesman whose leadership embodied republican ideals.
Julius II
The pope known for both patronage of the arts and for his political maneuvering.
Borgia as a model
Machiavelli’s concept of using Cesare Borgia as a benchmark for princely conduct.
Filippo Brunelleschi
The architect whose innovations symbolized Renaissance progress.
citizen soldiers
The idea that military strength in a republic comes from its ordinary citizens.
new political science
Machiavelli’s empirical approach to studying power based on real-world observation.
Plato’s Seventh Letter
A classical text warning against political naïveté, referenced by Machiavelli.
silence about day of judgment
Machiavelli’s deliberate omission of moral judgment in political discourse.
letter to Vettori
An example of Machiavelli’s direct political advice.
challenges faced by new princes
The inherent difficulties in establishing and maintaining power for new rulers.
Aristotle on virtuous people
The notion that those with true virtue often avoid the corrupt realm of politics.