APK4125 Lab 10: Balance Assessments

Balance is a key component of ? fitness

functional

Balance is recognized as a ? component of fitness

skill-related

Balance demands high levels of other components of fitness such as: (4)

strength, flexibility, reaction time, coordination

For seniors, balance is extremely important to maintenance of ? and successful completion of ?

-independent living status

-ADLs

Balance training helps prevent ?

falls

Balance is the ability to keep the body's ? within the base of ? when maintaining a ? position, performing ? movements, or reacting to external ?

-center of gravity (COG)

-support

-static position

-voluntary

-disturbances

3 types of balance

static, dynamic, functional

Static balance is the ability to maintain ? within the support base while ? or ?

-COG

-standing or sitting

Dynamic balance is maintaining an ? position while COG and base of support are ? and the COG is moving ? the supporting base

-upright

-moving

-outside

Functional balance is the ability to performing ? requiring balance

daily movement

The further the COG from the base of support, the ? the stability

lower

The broader the base of support, the ? the stability

higher

? training and ? programs increase the ability to maintain and improve balance through improving ?

-resistance training

-stretching programs

-stability

Exercising on ? surfaces can challenge balance response and provide ?

-unstable

-variety

?, ?, and ? training programs are more effective than ? training for reducing risk of falling

Balance, resistance, and flexibility

-endurance

Generally, programs include a mix of ?, ?, ?, ?, and ? exercises

balance, resistance, flexibility, resistance, and plyometric

Many balance test batteries are ? and include multiple test items to assess both ? and ? balance

-comprehensive

-static and dynamic

Direct measures of balance may be obtained using ?

computerized force plate devices

Tests that assess static balance using indirect measures

-Romberg

-Unipedal

-Clinical test of sensory integration of balance

Tests that assess dynamic balance using indirect measures

-Functional reach tests

-Timed up and go tests

-Start excursion balance test

Romberg tests measure ? balance while standing with eyes ? and ?

-static

-eyes opened and eyes closed

Unipedal stance test is a timed ? stance test that provides simple measures of ? balance

Two conditions: ?

Multiple ?

-one-leg

-static

-eyes open, eyes closed

Multiple variations: flamingo, stork, etc.

Clinical test of sensory integration of balance evaluates the contributions of the ?, ?, and ? sensory systems to balance

visual, proprioception, and vestibular

Functional reach tests measure ? distance one can reach beyond an ? without losing balance or moving the ?

-maximum

-arm's length

-feet

Timed up and go tests assess ? balance and ? of older adults

-dynamic

-agility

Star excursion balance test (SEBT) provides a significant challenge to ? and ? individuals

-athletes

-physically active

Y Balance Test allows us to ? the body and look at how the ? and each ? function under body weight loads

-quarter

-core

-extremity

Y-balance test device and protocol can be used for measuring ? performance, improvement after ? programs, ? balance for fitness programs, and return to ? readiness

This device and protocol can be used for measuring pre and post rehabilitation performance, improvement after performance enhancement programs, dynamic balance for fitness programs, and return to sport readiness.

Y-balance test is a modification of the ?

Star excursion balance test (SEBT)

Two parts of the Y-balance test

1. low quarter (YBT-LQ)

2. upper quarter (YBT-UQ)

Y-balance test additional information

Testing: ? attempts--> ? trials recorded and ? faults

Practice attempts: ?-?

Asymmetries

-anterior: >?cm between limb on each side

-posterior: >?cm between limb on each side

Testing: 5 attempts--> 3 trials recorded, 2 faults

Practice attempts: 6-8

Asymmetries

-anterior: >4cm

-posterior: >6cm

Y-balance test composite score equation

Equation (composite score): [{anterior + posterior lateral + posterior medial) / 3(limb length)] * 100

Limb length: ASIS-->medial malleolus

Y-Balance Directions: Testing Order (3 trials each)

-right anterior reach

-left anterior reach

-right posteromedial reach

-left posteromedial reach

-right posterolateral reach

-left posterolateral reach

**posterolateral is essentially a curtsy lunge

Test faults (4)

-kicking push box

-not returning to starting position under control

-touching down during reach

-foot on top of stance plate

Muscular flexibility is a component of ?

health-related fitness

Flexibility is defined as ? of a joint or group of joints, as per the ? and not any ? forces

-ROM

-skeletal muscles

-external

Static flexibility can be achieved through the use of ?, a ?, or specific ?

-gravitational force

-partner

-specific exercise equipment

Dynamic flexibility is the full ? given joint achieved through the ? use of skeletal muscles in combination with ? forces

-ROM

-voluntary

-external

ROM of one particular joint may not predict the ?

ROM of other joints

One assessment (can/cannot) tell you overall ROM for an individual

cannot

Goniometers are similar to a ?

protractor

Goniometers are used to measure a joint's ? expressed in ?

-range of motion

-degrees

A goniometer consists of 2 arms:

-a ? arm that is ? to the proximal body segment

-a ? arm that follows the ? body segment as it is moved through its ROM

-a stabilization arm that is fixed

-a movement arm that follows the distal

The axis of the goniometer is placed at a ? anatomical landmark, generally at the joint ?

-predetermined

-axis of rotation

Sit-and-Reach test is a ? measure of ? flexibility of ? back and ? group

-indirect

-static

-lower

-hamstring

Sit-and-Reach procedures