Respiration in Plants

Flashcards covering the mechanisms of cellular respiration in plants, including glycolysis, the TCA cycle, electron transport system, and metabolic interrelationships.

In green plants, the cells containing __________ are most often located in the superficial layers and carry out photosynthesis.

chloroplasts

The breaking of the __________ of complex compounds through oxidation within the cells is called respiration.

C-C bonds

ATP is known as the __________ of the cell because its energy is used whenever and wherever needed.

energy currency

Unlike animals, plants have no specialized organs for gaseous exchange but possess __________ and __________ for this purpose.

stomata and lenticels

Most cells of a plant have at least a part of their surface in contact with air, facilitated by the loose packing of __________ cells.

parenchyma

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called __________.

glycolysis

The scheme of glycolysis was provided by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas, and is often called the __________ pathway.

EMP

In plants, sucrose is converted into glucose and fructose by the activity of the enzyme __________.

invertase

Glucose and fructose are phosphorylated to give rise to glucose-6-phosphate by the activity of the enzyme __________.

hexokinase

During glycolysis, NADH + H+ is formed when __________ is converted to 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPGA).

3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL)

In animal cells like muscles during exercise, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by the enzyme __________ when oxygen is inadequate.

lactate dehydrogenase

Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of alcohol reaches about __________.

$$13\%$$

In the mitochondrial matrix, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation catalysed by __________.

pyruvic dehydrogenase

The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle) starts with the condensation of the acetyl group with __________ and water to yield citric acid.

oxaloacetic acid (OAA)

In the TCA cycle, the conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinic acid involves the synthesis of a molecule of __________, which is a substrate level phosphorylation.

GTP

Electrons from NADH produced in the mitochondrial matrix are oxidised by __________ (Complex I).

NADH dehydrogenase

The mobile carrier for transfer of electrons between complex III and IV in the ETS is __________.

cytochrome c

In the Electron Transport System, Complex IV refers to cytochrome c oxidase complex containing cytochromes __________ and two copper centres.

$a$ and $a_3$

Oxidation of one molecule of NADH gives rise to __________ molecules of ATP.

$$3$$

In the ATP synthase complex, the __________ headpiece is a peripheral membrane protein complex containing the site for synthesis of ATP.

$$F_1$$

For each ATP produced in the mitochondria, __________ pass through F0 from the intermembrane space to the matrix down the electrochemical proton gradient.

$$4H^+$$

Theoretical calculations suggest a net gain of __________ molecules during aerobic respiration of one molecule of glucose.

$$38$$

Because the respiratory pathway is involved in both breakdown (catabolism) and synthesis (anabolism), it is considered an __________ pathway.

amphibolic

The ratio of the volume of CO2 evolved to the volume of O2 consumed in respiration is called the __________.

respiratory quotient (RQ)

When the fatty acid __________ is used as a respiratory substrate, the RQ is calculated to be 0.7.

tripalmitin