MEAH Midterm

Animism

• System of belief that prioritized nature, ancestors and niches 

• Everything had souls (universe, objects, phenomena etc.) 

Mongols  

• People from Mongolia (central Asia and North of China)  

• Left a lasting impact and attempted to conquer China multiple times 

Jesuits (Society of Jesus) 

Missionaries who tried to convert East Asian people into Christianity 

Middle Kingdom  

China was called the middle kingdom because it was believed to be at the center of the world 

Yuan Dynasty  

• Mongols create the Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368)  

• One of shorted reigns in Chinese history (less than a century) 

• Collapse from internal corruption 

Oda Nobunaga 

• Powerful Warrior 

• Took Kyoto in 1568 

• Burnt over 2000 Buddhist Monasteries 

• Assassinated before claiming the throne 

• Controlled 1/3 of Japan at death 

Millet agriculture  

• Began in Han River Valley in 5000 BCE 

• By 2000 BCE Millet based agriculture is common 

Manchu 

• Controlled the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) 

• 1644, take Beijing and Emperor Shunzhi becomes 1^st emperor of ALL OF CHINA 

Toyotomi Hideyoshi 

• Completed unifying Japan 

• 1590, conquered all major Daimyo 

• More diplomatic than violent 

• Passed many long-lasting reforms 

• 1588 – Great Sword Hunt, taxes measured in koku, gave shogun more authority, saw foreigners and christians as a threat, banned preaching in 1587, crucified many Japanese Christians 

Rice agriculture

Economic stability linked to rice agriculture 

Qing Dynasty  

• Controlled by Manchu (1644-1912) 

• 1644, Emperor Shunzhi took Beijing and becomes 2st emperor of ALL OF CHINA 

• Kangxi emp ordered Kangxi dictionary and Quantangshi (tang dynasty poems) 

Tokugawa Ieyasu 

• Proclaims shogunate and becomes first shogun of Tokugawa Shogunate (1603) 

• Completed (finished off) Japan’s reunification 

early domestication of crops/animals  

• Began to domesticate crops and animals around 5000BCE 

• Began to build permanent settlment villages 

Little Dragon  

Japan called the “Little Dragon” due to sinicization (borrowing from China) 

turtle ships 

Ships that had a tough flat surface covering that helped against cannonballs 

Emperor Wu Ti  

• Reigned 54 years 141-87BCE 

• Han Emperor 

• Many sucessful military conquests that increased both power and size of china 

sinicization  

Taking ideas from other cultures (usually China) 

Yi Sunsin

• Korean admiral against Hideyoshi’s attack on korea 

• Known for his turtle-clad boats 

Koguryo  

• One of the 3 Main Korean Kingdoms 

• (37BCE-668CE) 

Saicho (805) 

(And Kukai) was credited with bringing over tea seeds to Japan 

Great Sword Hunt 

• ordered by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1588 

• Confiscated all weapons in order to cull revolts/rebellions 

• Was not very effective 

Paekche 

• One of the 3 Main Korean Kingdoms 

• (18BCE-663CE)  

Kukai (806) 

(And Saicho) was credited with bringing over tea seeds to Japan 

Battle of Sekigahara 

• (1600) Hideyoshi’s heirs vs Ieyasu’s forces for title of Shogun 

• Ieyasu wins and becomes shogun 

Shilla 

• One of the 3 Main Korean Kingdoms 

• (57BCE-935CE) 

Emperor Saga  

• ENCOURAGED TEA GROWTH 

• Reigned 809-823 

• Ruled Japan 

• Relatively peaceful and arts flourished during this time 

Osaka Castle 

Captured by Tokugawa in 1615 and concluded civil war 

Yamato daimyo 

• Nobles of the Yamato reign 

• Yamato Period – experienced economic growth and immigration 

East India Company 

• Global trade between Europe, Asia and the East 

• Dutch monopolized the Asian Spice Route 

Korea’s Three Kingdoms Era  

• Koguryo, Paekche, and Shilla && Japan’s state Yamato 

• Kingdoms in political tug-of-war 

“Way of the Gods”  

• Shinto means “Way of the Gods” 

• Spiritual Practices (local and prehistoric) 

• Became an organized religion in the 6^th Century 

• First recorded in 8^th Century 

1636 Act of Seclusion 

• Japan was cut off from the world for about 200 years 

• Only contact to the west/outside world is a small Dutch Outpost in Nagasaki harbour 

Buddhism  

• Originated in India 

• Spread to China During the Han Dynasty 

• 372 BCE – Buddhism introduced to Koguryo Court 

• China spreads it to Korea, Koreans come to China to study at monasteries 

• Sacred Buddhist scriptures translated into Chinese Characters 

• Chinese becomes main language for communication 

• Buddhism and China influence architecture and art 

Kojiki/Nihon Shoki

Chinto practices 1^st recorded in written histories of Kojiki & Nihon Shoki ppls in 7-8 centuries 

Sankin Kttai System 

• Daimyo required to maintain Edo residence 

• Must live in Edo minimum ½ year 

• Had to leave wives/children behind in Edo 

• System allowed government to watch daimyo (especially Tozama) 

History of tea in East Asia 

• First historical Japanese reference in text by Buddhist monk in 9^th century 

• Introduced by religious groups → initially stayed within religious royalty → spread down social ladder to elite japanese society → Warrior class (Caffeine) 

• Eisai introduced tea to warrior class who liked it for caffeine 

• 1500s: tea ceremony 

Kami  

• Spirits / deities / gods 

• Sacred elements (not separate) 

Shimpan Daimyo (~23) 

• Relatives of the Shogun 

• Provided heirs to the Tokugawa → MOST LOYAL 

Confucianism  

• Religion started by Confucius 

• Social and ethical philosophy that focused on “good moral character” 

Polytheism/monotheism  

• Poly- many gods(Hinduism, Confucianism) 

• Mono – One god (Christianity) 

Fudai Daimyo (~145) 

Loyal but unrelated → linchpin of regional govt 

Daoism  

Chinese religion/philosophy that focused on harmony and the natural order of the universe 

purification rituals (importance/significance) 

• WAAATERRRRR 💧💦🚿💧🐳🐬🐳🐟🚿🐡💦💦🦈🚿🐠🐚💧 

• The goal is to regain lost purity or create a higher purity 

• It was believed to give a person peace of mind and good fortune 

• Some actions create impurity and one should want to be cleansed to permit peace of mind & good fortune 

• Performed daily, weekly, seasonally, annually, lunar basis 

• Ceremonies adapted to modern life

Shinto  

• Worship ancestors and nature 

• Polytheistic 

• Incorporates Animism 

• Ritual Purity through honoring and celebrating Kami 

Meiji Restoration

• Buddhism outlawed 

• Shinto declared state religion of Japan (lasted until WWII) 

• Modernization → confidence to join world wars 

Tozama Daimyo (~98) 

• Mostly hostile to shogun 

• Carefully watched 

Eisai  

• Zen priest who wrote a book on tea in 1211 

• Claimed tea made one’s life full and complete 

• Benefits of tea include: Stimulant, Cured blotchiness, Quenches Thirst, Eliminated Indigestion, Prevents Fatigue, Improves Urinary and Brain Function 

Warring States Period  

• 1543: Firearms to Japan via Portuguese 

• Foreign traders from Portugal, Netherlands, Spanish also armed 

• Japanese merchants prosper 

• Nearly everyone armed 

Koku 

• Bushels of Rice 

• Peasants were required 10000 koku to become daimyo (nearly impossible with high 40-60% tax rate) 

Ema  

Wooden tablets with wishes/fortuned on them 

Kyoto

• Nobunaga took over Kyoto in 1568 

• Tokugawa moved capital from Kyoto to Edo 

Omamori  

Personal “amulet”; symbolic ribbons (good luck, heatlh, etc.) 

Edo  

• Tokugawa moved capital from Kyoto to Edo 

• By 1700, it is largest city in the world 

• Present day Tokyo 

Tokugawa Yoshinobu 

• 15^th and last Tokugawa shogun 

• Ended isolationist “period of seclusion” in1808 with his resignation 

Daruma  

• Little wooden dolls 

• Fill in one eye, complete goal, fill in other eye 

kamikaze  

• Suicide Pilots 

• Pilots would purposely crash their planes into ships killing themselves and others in the process 

• Aka “divine wind” (for saving Japan) 

• Late summer typhoons that destroyed Mongol envoys twice 

Red Turban Rebellion (1351) 

• National uprising 

• Began when members of the White Lotus Society tried to oust Mongol-led Yuan leadership 

• Red Turbans: 

• Used red banners and wore red turbans 

• Actively engaged in creating a better world for the commoners and lower class 

Hangul  

Korean language that evolved over time from Chinese Mandarin 

Ashikaga Takauji  

• Founder and 1^st shogun of Ashikaga Shogunate 

• Descendent of Samurai line of Minamoto line 

White Lotus Society 

• Chinese Religious Sect 

• Known for its rebellions against the ruling dynasty (especially the Qing Dynasty) 

Kanji  

Japanese Writing system that evolved over time from Chinese Characters 

Ashikaga Shogunate  

Era of Shoguns(Kamakura, Ashikaga, Tokugawa) form 1192-1868 

Ming Dynasty 

• Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty is falling from corruption 

• 1368 – Zhu Yuan Shang (emp. Hongwu) becomes 1^st emperor of the New Ming Dynasty 

• Favored Confucian and Poor 

• Hated Mongols and banned everythign Mongol 

• Rebuilt new government building and institutions 

• Reinstated Confucaian Classics 

• Emphasized Agriculture 

• “Da Ming” or “Code of the Great King” = based on confucian Classics (1397) 

China’s Golden Age  

• Tang dynasty

• Japan and Korean adopt Chinese patterns 

• JP’s 17-point constitution 

• KRand JP establish Confucian-based academies 

• Politics: KR and JP adopt Tang practice of state’s supremacy and emperor having complete authority 

• JP and KR establish bureaucracy based on merit (civil service, readings of confucious, etc.) 

Minamoto  

clan/Group who settled in Ashikaga (present day Tochigi) 

Zhu Yuanzhang 

• Leader of peasant revolt against Mongols (Yuan dynasty) -- aka Emperor Hongwu of Ming dynasty 

• General and supreme commander of the Red Turban army in 1355 

• Very poor peasant who rose up to power 

civil service exam systems in East Asia  

How to get a civil service job, based on confucian classics, triannually

castle towns  

• Warriors build thousands of castles 

• Establishment of “castle towns” 

• Wood/stone fortresses 

• Built for protection against foreigners, peasant uprisings, and internal conflicts

shogun  

• Emperor's head miliary commander 

• Japanese military and political leader 

• Also known as bakufu (“tent government”) 

Yellow River (flooding) 

Emperor Hongwu / Zhu Yuanzhang family killed in flood 

samurai  

Warrior class in the 12 century Japan and were hired to protect the people and land 

foreign missionaries/trade  

• Foreign missionaries came to East Asia to convert into Christianity 

• Came to trade but were cut off by the Canton System in 1757 

• Were only allowed to trade with a select number of Chinese merchants

Beijing 

• Current Capitol of China  

• Was and is a large political and cultural center in China

bakufu  

• Another word for Shogun 

• Japanese military and political leader 

• tent government

St. Francis Xavier  

• Spanish Roman Catholic missionary 

• “Apostle of the Indies” 

• Cofounder of Society of Jesus 

• Extremely devout 

• 1^st Jesuit to go to Japan as missionary 

• Used artwork to overcome language barriers

Nanjing 

Capital of Ming dynasty 

Emperor Hongwu  

• “Great military power” 

• Zhu Yuanzhang, ruling over Ming dynasty 

• Reject all things associated with Mongols (except the tradition of naming self with smth positive) -- Replaced Mongol bureaucrats with Han Chinese 

• Emphasize importance of confucian classics → pass exams (based on the classics) for army officer corps & civil service job 

• Strongly favour the poor & farmers 

annexation of Taiwan 

• Annexed by Japan in 1895 

• 1895 Treaty of Shimonoseki 

• 1814-1815 – Qing loses the first Shino-Japanese War and signs the Treaty of Shimonoseki 

Confucian Classics  

• Sert of books that were the base of the Civil Service Exams 

• Focused on core values of the Confucian Philosophy 

Kangxi Dictionary 

Complete Dictionary of Chiense Characters ordered by Emperor Kangxi in 1716 

Weisuo system  

• Main idea of system is to teach soldiers to become farmers as well 

• When they weren’t fighitng they could suppor tthemselves 

• Many did poorly at farming and deserted 

Quantangshi 

Compilation of Tang Dynasty Poetry ordered by Emperor Kangxi in 1705 

Huang Zongxi (1610-1695) 

•  One of the major critics of Emperor Kangxi 

• Wrote “Waiting for an Enlightened Prince”(1662) - attacked the centralization and obsessuve POV of the emperor 

• Argued for local freedoms based on hereditary elite (Feudal nobility of Ancient China) 

Gu Yanwu (1613-1682) 

• Pushed localities to resist state power 

• Attacked Ming Philisophy, blaming it for the fall of the Ming Dynasty 

Da Ming Lu/Code of the Great Ming  

• Hongwu’s legal code, highlight of his reign 

• Completed by 1397, based on Confucian teachings since Hongwu practiced confucianism 

Wang Fuzhi (1619-1692) 

• Eccentric (slightly strange) openly racist, hated Qing dynasty and people 

• Argued there was an unresolvable division b/w “Barbaric” manchus of Qing dynasty and civilized Han dynasty. 

Cosmic Trinity  

• Heaven, earth, and man 

• Heaven (tian) = ancestors (NOT A PLACE) 

• Earth (di) = land, sole form of wealth in China 

• Man (ren) = all humans (w/o class restrictions, incl. women and barbarians)

Matteo Ricci 

• Italian jesuit arrived in macao (portuguese trading post in southern well enough to to writing and learned  

• Outgoing, friends with everyone, classical chines

Mandate of Heaven  

• Tianmng was “rule by virtue” or “right to rule” 

• Used to justify overthrowing dynasties (considered the will of heaven, not an act of rebellion,  ancestors allowing a person to be overthrown 

Xu Guangqi/Paul 

• Most famous convert of Matteo Ricci 

• Wrote “A Complete Book of Agricultural Managment” 

• Translated many western texts over math and astronomy 

Zhu Di  

• 4^th son of Emperor Hongwu 

• Zhu Di  - “Perpetual Happiness” 

• Emperor Yongle 

Adam Schall Von Bell 

• German Jesuit missionary 

• Became trusted and well=liked by Qing leadership 

• Director of the Board of Astronomy in China (anti-foreign Chinese angered by title) → falsely accused by fellow astronomer 

Emperor Yongle  

• Constructed Forbidden city that housed govt officials and offices and imp. fam. 

• Tolerant of other ideas even if biased (except Mongols who he hated & forbade) 

• Yongle the great: China’s most influential ruler; dedication to Chinese culture and history 

Yang Guangxian 

• Fellow astronomer of Schall von Bell 

• Accussed Schall von Bell of staging a coup 

• Schall von Bell was proven innocent but soon died after the experience in prison

Yongle Encyclopedia  

Strove to preserve Chinese culture by launching a project to write a compilation of articles on every subject known to Chinese 

Macao 

Trading rights given to Portuguese by China 

Manila 

Spanish claim Manila (Philippines) as base for trading with China 

Ming China social classes (order from highest to lowest) 

• Scholar/administrator: appointed to high offices in government based on success on civil service exam; included government officials and scholars 

• Peasant: tended the land & agriculture; could move up or down in ranks 

• Artisan: provided services to top 2 social classes 

• Merchants: despised group (only in China), viewed as non-essential (viewed as middlemen who jacked up prices for profit) 

Little Ice Age  

• Ice age in Asia that lasted from 16-19^th Century 

• Caused many deaths and natural disasters 

Tokugawa period 

Historical period recognised by historians as the premodern epriod