lecture 19 temporal lobes

what are the two different kinds of auditory processing

rapidly presented stimuli and complex patterns

rapidly presented stimuli

rapid presentation of language, which needs to be quickly analyzed

complex patterns

music and such, that change slower but have more layers to them

what are special characteristics of speech in comparison to other sounds

the pharynx/larynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity all impact sound (all have specific ranges of sound that denote meaning)

speech constancy

you can still understand male vs female or loud/whispering tones because the auditory system categorizes the sounds as equivalent

order

speech sounds change rapidly w.r.t each other, and the ____ is crucial

left temporal lobe damage (auditory damage)

1. trouble discriminating sound

2. trouble figuring out the order of sounds

left; discriminating sound trouble

people with ____ temporal lobe damage show symptoms of ___________ by complaining people speak too fast (like how we react when we’re learning a new language and someone starts speaking it fluently)

left; ordering sound difficulty

people with ____ temporal damage show symptoms of _____________ by taking 10x longer to figure out words than regular people (who take about 50-60 ms)

right temporal lobe damage

people with _________ tend to have problems with pitch contouring

right temporal lobe; pitch contouring

people with __________________ damage have trouble with __________ because they cannot understand emotional intention and emphasis of language easily

loudness, pitch, timbre, rhythm and meter, melody

main characteristics of music

differences in musical perception vs normal sound perception

tonal encoding (out of place notes), interval analysis, and contour analysis

amusia

recognition of any of the main characteristics of music can be messed up by this

speed and grouping (rhythm)

the task of the left hemisphere when it comes to auditory input

frequency differences (pitch)

the right hemisphere is concerned with this when it comes to auditory input

selection of auditory input

damage to the temporal lobe that causes a lack of ___________ can cause left temporal lobe preferences, so words work better than tones

dichotic listening task

two words are played in both ears, normal people generally remember right ear data better, but damaged have a drop in words remembered because the brain doesn’t correctly prioritize

contextual lack

inability to remember material that requires context clues (river/bank or money/bank)

medial temporal lobe

damage to the ___________ can cause impairment in long term memory and changes in personality

temporal lobe personality

the phenomenon where damage causes a self centered, pedantic, paranoid, aggressive and hostile, religious personality

left temporal lobe

damage to this causes the loss of ability to remember verbal material

right temporal lobe (verbal material)

damage to this causes loss of the ability to recall nonverbal information

interoception

the perception of sensations from inside the body (includes the perception of physical sensations related to internal organ function (heartbeat, respiration, satiety, and autonomic nervous systems things like emotions)

exteroception

sensitivity to stimuli originating outside of the body (sensitiveness, responsiveness to stimuli, the faculty of sensation, pain, vision, etc.)

nociception

perception of unpleasant stimuli (pain and temperature)

hapsis

perception of objects using fine touch + pressure

proprioception

perception of position of limbs and movement

balance

mediated by vestibular system in the inner ear

free nerve endings

what are the kinds of receptors for pain and temperature

meissners corpuscle

rapid touch

pacinian corpuscle

fluttering, rapid touch

ruffini corpuscle

rapid vibration

merkel’s receptor

steady skin indentation (slow)

hair receptor

fluttering/steady skin indentation (slow)

muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, joint receptors

the three types of receptors that give proprioceptive information

muscle spindles

control muscle stretch

golgi tendon organs

tendon stretch

joint receptors

joint movement

pain and temperature

the sensory information carried in the spinothalamic pathway

path of spinothalamic pathway

afferent neurons from spine → tracts cross in spine → thalamus (VPL) → somatosensory cortex

where does the spinothalamic tract decussate

in the spine

sensory information of the DCML pathway

fine touch and proprioceptive information

where does the DCML decussate

the medulla

DCML path

dorsal column in spine (doesn’t cross) → medulla → VPL in thalamus → primary somatosensory cortex

why is the pain scale not very useful

pain is subjective