anat w3

cell cycle

events cells go through as they grow & divide

Interphase

• cell spends most of its time

G1 – cell growth

S – DNA replication

G2 – prep for mitosis

M-phase: process of cell division

• PMAT

• Cytokinesis

G1 phase

• cell growth

• protein

• synthesis

• ATP stored

• G1/S checkpoint (Sufficient resources? DNA undamaged?)

S phase

duplication of centrosome, DNA replication

• (chromatid ‘2’ sister chromatids…chromatin is NOT condensed)

G2 phase

Final check

• Enough synthesized protein?

• Enough stored ATP?

• DNA replicated?

cell division

The process by which a cell divides into ‘2’ new ‘daughter’ cells

• A cell copies its genetic information before cell division begins

• Each daughter cell then gets a complete copy of the information from the ‘mother cell’

Cell division occurs in ‘2’ major events:

• Mitosis - division of the nucleus

• Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm

stages of mitosis

• prophase

• metaphase

• anaphase

• telophase

• cytokineses

Solute

Substance mixed into the solven

• (power of kool aid is the solute)

Solvent

The substance that carries the mixed particles (= medium)

Solution

solute + solve

Concentration Gradient

Difference in concentration of molecules between two adjacent mixtures

• Passive or active transport

Down-Gradient

molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration until they reach equilibrium

Smaller/lighter molecules =

faster rate of diffusion

Higher temps to molecules move rapidly =

faster rate of diffusion

Steeper gradient (greater difference in concentration of molecules) =

faster rate of diffusion

Lower viscosity (molecules move easily) =

faster rate of diffusion

• honey (high viscosity)

• water (low viscosity)

More surface area (more space for molecules to diffuse across) =

faster rate of diffusion

Cell Membrane Permeability

• ‘Gatekeeper’ (chooses what gets to leave and come into cell)

Greater permeability (molecules that can pass through easier) =

faster rate of diffusion

Passive Transport

• No ATP required

Molecules move down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration)

Three types:

• Simple Diffusion

• Facilitated Diffusion

• Osmosis

Simple Diffusion

Particles go down the concentration gradient

• high to low till they equalize

• Facilitated Diffusion

Goes high and low concentration but still need energy (help) to go down their concentration gradient

• Channel Proteins

• Carrier Proteins

Osomsis

Only dealing with water molecule movements

• water molecules goes from high concentration to low concentration till they equalize

Active Transport

Need energy (ATP)

• because molecules move against their concentration gradient

• (from lower to higher concentration)

Example:

• Sodium (Na+)

• Potassium (K+) Pump

Isotonic

• same solute concentration

• no net movement in water

• normal RBC

Hypertonic

• higher solute concentration

• water molecules goes out (crenation)

• more water inside then outside

• 0.9% inside

• 10% outside

Hypotonic Solutions

• lower solute concentration

• water move into the cell

• water outside more than inside

• cell expands

• in solution: .1 sodium chloride

• blow up and pop

• 0.9 inside

• 0.1 outside

Jesus

is KING