CPCE Study Guide (the Purple Book)

Who is famous for the "hierarchy of needs?"

Abraham Maslow

What does Maslow's hierarchy of needs postulate?

lower-order physiological & safety needs and higher-order needs (self-actualization)

first/lower: basics like food/water

safety/security

need for love/affection/belonging

highest level: self-actualization (being all that one can be)

Robert Kegan's 6 stages of lifespan development are:

incorporative

impulse

imperial

interpersonal

institutional

interindividual

Who is Robert Kegan?

adult cognitive development

stresses interpersonal development

constructive model of development, meaning individuals construct reality through the lifespan

What is relativistic thinking according to Ed Neukrug?

as teens enter adulthood, they realize not everything is right or wrong, but an answer can exist relative to a specific situation

Who is Robert/William Perry?

adult cognitive development/college students

dualistic thinking; common in teens to conceptualize good/bad; right/wrong

Who is known for their work in strategic & problem-solving therapy, utilizing the "paradox" technique?

Jay Haley

Who is associated with brief psychotherapy and hypnosis?

Milton H. Erikson

What is Erik Erikson known for?

psychosocial stages of development

8 stages through the lifespan:

1. trust v mistrust (birth - 12 mo)

2. autonomy v shame & doubt (1-3 y/o

3. initiative v guilt (3-6 y/o)

4. industry v inferiority (6-12 y/o)

5. identity v confusion (12-18 y/o)

6. intimacy v isolation (20-40)

7. generativity v stagnation (40-60)

8. integrity v despair (60+)

What is Sigmund Freud known for?

psychodynamic theory

psychosexual stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

dynamic of id, ego, and superego

id: pleasure

ego: reality

superego: moralistic/idealistic

"maturationist"

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

generativity v stagnation

John Bowlby is most closely associated with_______.

bonding and attachment

Who pioneered the zone of proximal development?

Lev Vygotsky

*it is the difference between a child's performance without a teacher versus that which he or she is capable of with an instructor

What does RS stand for?

religious and spiritual

What is biofeedback?

a technique used to help individuals learn to control bodily processes more effectively using electronic devices

What are Vygotsky's views on moral development?

disagrees with Piaget that they take place naturally

insisted that stages unfold due to educational intervention

Who expanded on Piaget's conceptualization of moral development?

Lawrence Kohlberg (3 levels of morality)

Both conservation and the ability to count mentally occur in the _______ stage?

concrete operational thought

Who created the first intelligence test?

Alfred Binet

Who is associated with aiding in phobias and multimodal therapy?

Arnold Lazarus

What is Epistemology?

a branch of philosophy that attempts to examine how we know what we know

Who is the father of Reality therapy with Choice theory?

William Glasser

Who is Robert J. Havinghurst?

developmental processes:

-tasks for infancy & early childhood

-tasks for middle adulthood (6-12)

-tasks for adolescence (12-18)

-tasks of early adulthood (19-30)

-tasks of middle age (30-60)

-tasks of later maturity (60+)

*tasks range from learning to walk to dealing with death of a spouse or adjusting to retirement

What popular stage theorist focused on ego development via 7 stages & 2 transitions?

Jane Loevinger

What is Sandra Bem known for?

speaking out against gender stereotyping

believes that if males/females are not guided by traditional sex roles, individuals can be more androgynous, and hence more productive

What is Animism and when does it occur?

occurs when a child acts as if nonliving objects have lifelike abilities and tendencies (e.g., a rock can talk to him)

occurs in Piaget's preoperational period (2-7 y/o)

What New York clinical psychological developed rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT)?

Albert Ellis

REBT teaches clients to think in a more scientific and logical manner

Who is known for client-centered or person-centered counseling?

Carl Rogers

What did John Bowlby believe about conduct disorders and bonding?

conduct disorders and other psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

What traits did Harlow's monkeys exhibit from being in isolation?

they appeared to be autistic

According to Freudian theory, if a child is severely traumatized, he/she may ________ a given psychosexual stage.

become fixated at

What is the principle of "critical periods?"

certain behaviors must be learned at an early time in the animal's development; otherwise the behaviors will never be learned at all

Who is the researcher known for his work with maternal deprivation & isolation in rhesus monkeys?

Harry Harlow

What Eriksonian stage focuses heavily on sharing your life with another person?

intimacy v isolation (23-34 y/o)

Kohlberg's moral development stages are:

3 levels; 6 stages

Pre-conventional level

Conventional Level

Postconventional level

What does BASIC--ID stand for?

Behavior

Affective Responses

Sensations

Imagery

Cognitions

Interpersonal Relationships

Drugs

*Arnold Lazarus

Who is the father of analytic psychology?

Carl Jung

Who experimentally induced "learned helplessness" in dogs via electric shocks?

Martin E. P. Seligman

The work "ethology" often associated with Konrad Lorenz, refers to ________.

"comparative psychology" refers to lab research using animals and generalizing their findings to humans

*developed by European zoologists

Who is the father of transactional analysis?

Eric Berne

Frank Parsons is the father of ______.

guidance

Who stated that "males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations?"

Eleanor Maccoby & Carol Jacklin

Explain cephalocaudal?

refers to bodily proportions between the head and tail

*Development is cephalocaudal; head develops earlier than legs

Who is B.F. Skinner?

behaviorist; prime mover in behaviorist psych. movement

emphasized power of environment in development

Skinnerian principles (when applied clinically) called ABA or applied behavior analysis

What is Freud's Oedipus Complex?

occurs during the phallic stage

stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur

A phrase to describe a client who is exposed to a situation which meant prove frightful or difficult

"in vivo"

Explain heredity?

-transmission of traits from parent to child

-assumes the normal person has 23 chromosomes

-assumes heredity characteristics are transmitted by -chromosomes

-assumes genes composed of DNA hold a genetic code

Eleanor Gibson was known for researching depth perception in children by _______.

utilizing an apparatus known as a visual cliff

What is empiricism?

the forerunner of behaviorism

scientists can only learn from objective facts

empiristic view of development is behavioristic view

*John Locke

What did Harlow find in his study of the monkeys?

monkeys preferred a warm mother who rocked to a cool mother who did not

contact was more important than milk in that monkeys preferred terry-cloth over wire frame even if the wire frame provided milk

What is "symbiosis" according to Margaret Mahler?

the child's absolute dependence on the female caretaker

difficulties in the symbiotic relationship can result in adult psychosis

theory of separation-individual theory of child development

Which maturationist was known for using a one-way mirror to observe children?

Arnold Gesell; felt that development was primarily genetics/hereditary

What are Jean Piaget's 4 stages?

sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

What is Positive Psychology?

study of human strengths; joy wisdom, altruism, the ability to love, happiness

*Abraham Maslow

*popularized by Martin Seligman

What is Alfred Adler known for?

the founder of individual psychology

stresses the inferiority complex

DBT focuses heavily on _______ and was created by ________.

mindfulness; Marsha M. Linehan

Who is Emile Durkheim?

Frenchman who is one of the founders of modern sociology; known for his research into suicide

Who is William McDougall?

the father of hormic psychology, a Darwinian viewpoint which suggested that individuals in or out of groups are driven by innate, inherited tendencies

Who is Albert Bandura?

known for social learning theory & the Bobo doll experiment with children

Who is David Levinson?

controversial stage-crisis view theory with several major life transitions; originally derived by interviewing 40 middle-aged men from different backgrounds suggested 3 major transitions

-early adult transition

-age 30 transition

-settling down period

-midlife transition

-later adulthood

Why was Carol Gilligan critical of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

She felt it was more applicable to males than females

The frustration-aggression theory is associated with _____.

John Dollard and Neal Miller;

their hypothesis asserts that frustration leads to aggression

A popular cognitive consistency or balance theory in social psychology is ______ cognitive dissonance theory:

Festinger's

Who developed the social distance scale, which evaluated how an individual felt toward other ethnic groups?

Emory Bogardus

Social exchange theory postulates that

a relationship will endure if the rewards are greater than the costs

J.G. Draguns suggested the emic-etic distinction in cross-cultural counseling. How are "emic" and "etic" defined?

Emic - an insider's perception of the culture

Etic - this view adheres to the theory that humans are humans regardless of background; same techniques are applied to any client that the counselor helps

*Emic perspective is most ideal/helpful for clients (considers cultural differences/background)

pneumonics:

-emic: member

-etic: transends cultural boundaries/universal

An Asian American counselor says to an African American client, "If you're unhappy with the system, get out there and rebel. You can change the system." This is the _____ viewpoint for coping with the environment:

Alloplastic: conceptualization that the client can best cope by changing their environment

(Allo - aloe (nature/environment))

A young Latino male is the victim of discrimination. His counselor remarks, "I hear what you are saying and I will help you change your thinking so this will not have such a profound impact on you." In this case the counselor had suggested:

an *autoplastic method of coping: refers to changing the "self" rather than altering the environment/systems.

(Auto: automatic thinking)

In 1908, books by _______ helped to introduce social psychology in America.

McDougall and Ross

(William McDougall & Edward Alsworth Ross)

Who pioneered psychodrama and coined the term "group therapy?"

Jacob Moreno

Who is Irvin Yalom?

an existentialist known for his strides in group work, existential therapy, and death/dying

Who stressed that a person's occupational environment should be congruent with his or her personality type?

John Holland

Who postulated that jobs can compensate for unmet childhood needs?

Anne Roe

Who espoused a cognitive theory of hypnotism?

T. X. Barber

Who is Andrew Salter?

a pioneer in the behavior therapy, creating a paradigm dubbed conditioned reflex therapy and a behavioristic theory of hypnosis & autohypnosis

Who is associated with obedience and authority?

Stanley Milgram (psychologist)

-individuals were told to give others powerful electric shocks and did so on command

-told to punish a learner strapped to an electric chair when he/she gave an incorrect answer

-40 experimental subjects; 14 refused to go to the highest level of shock

-often used to explain obedience and authority in social situations such as Salem witch hunts and Nazi war crimes

Who postulated the tendency to affiliate with others is highest in firstborns and only children, and decreases for later-born children?

Stanley Schachter

Who conducted the classic experiment at a boy's summer camp near Robber's Cave, OK, wherein two teams of boys were given a goal to attain only by working in a joint manner?

Muzafer Sherif et al. (Robbers Cave Experiment)

Who found that, in a group setting, approximately 35% of people in a perceptual activity gave an answer which was clearly incorrect in order to conform?

Solomon Asch and Muzafer Sherif (Asch Situation)

________ and _______ who originally worked with Freud, created individual psychology and analytic psychology respectively.

Alfred Adler and Carl Jung

Who developed a paradigm known as "systemic desensitization" which is useful when trying to weaken (desensitize) a client's response to an anxiety-producing stimuli?

Joseph Wolpe

What is the case of Little Albert?

Associated with John Broadus Watson

-conditioned a 9-month-old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects

-first exposed to a white rat

-strike a steel bar every time the child would get near the animal

-demonstrated that fears are learned rather than the analytic concept that they are somehow a result of an unconscious process

What is the ego defense mechanism "repression?"

Freudians consider the most important defense mechanism

-a child who is sexually abused, for example, may repress (e.g., truly forget) the incident as a form of protection

What is the ego defense mechanism "suppression?"

An individual might say "I refuse to think about it;" similar to denial

-differs from repression in that repression is automatic or involuntary

What is the ego defense mechanism "sublimination?"

When a person acts out an unconscious impulse in a socially acceptable way;

An aggressive person who becomes a professional boxer

What is the ego defense mechanism "displacement?"

occurs when an impulse is unleashed at a 'safe target.'

-A man is furious with his boss but is afraid to show it, so he comes home and kicks the family dog.

What is sour grapes rationalization?

Underrates a reward to protect self from a bruised ego;

"I didn't really want it anyway."

What is sweet lemon rationalization?

Overrates a reward to protect self from a bruised ego

What is the ego defense mechanism "denial?"

failing to face reality;

-A tennis player had his heart set on winning a tennis match broke his arm in an auto accident. He sends in an entry form to play in the competition which begins just days after the accident.

_____ is like looking in a mirror but thinking you are looking out a window.

Projection.

Mark is obsessed with stamping out pornography. He is unconsciously involved in this cause so that he can view the material. This is

reaction formation; acting the opposite of the way he or she actually feels

What is the ego defense mechanism "identification?"

when a person identifies with a cause or a successful person with the unconscious hope that he or she will be perceived as successful or worthwhile.

A client who incorporated his father's values into his thought patterns is a product of:

introjection

Organ inferiority relates mainly to the work of

Alfred Adler's individual psychology

The personality types of the Myers-Briggs are associated with the work of

Carl Jung

What is the anima/animus?

-associated with work of Carl Jung

-society has caused men to deny their feminine side known as anima

-women to deny their masculine side known as animus

pneumonic: (anima - "ma," as in "mom")

The word eclectic is most closely associated with

Frederick C. Thorne

B. F. Skinner's reinforcement theory elaborated on Edward Thorndike's ____ of _____.

law of effect

Classical conditioning relates to the work of _____.

Ivan Pavlov

pneumonics:

-UCS (the meat): unconditioned/unlearned stimulus

-CS: conditioned/learned stimulus

*salivating is an unconditioned response (dogs don't need to learn how to salivate)

Skinner's operant conditioning is also referred to as

instrumental learning