UGA HIST 2112E Unit 1 (Wolf)

Ten Percent Plan

Lincoln's Reconstruction plan, which required only 10 percent of the 1860 voters in

Confederate states to take an oath of allegiance to the Union

Radical Republicans

northern Republicans who contested Lincoln's treatment of Confederate states and

proposed harsher punishments

Wade-Davis Bill

an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

Thirteenth Amendment

abolished slavery

President Johnson's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

Freedmen's Bureau

the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, which was created in 1865 to ease blacks' transition from slavery to freedom

Black Codes

laws some southern states designed to maintain white supremacy by keeping freed people

impoverished and in debt

Fourteenth Amendment

made "all persons born or naturalized in the United States" citizens of the country

Radical Reconstruction

Reconstruction strategy that was based on severely punishing South for causing war

Fifteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Sharecropping

a crop-lien system in which people paid rent on land they farmed (but did not own) with

the crops they grew

Ku Klux Klan

a white vigilante organization that engaged in terroristic violence with the aim of

stopping Reconstruction

Redeemers

a term used for southern whites committed to rolling back the gains of Reconstruction

Colfax Massacre

In 1837, armed whites assaulted the town of Colfax, Louisiana, with a small cannon, killing hundreds of former slaves and fifty black militia members after they surrendered.

Compromise of 1877

the agreement between Republicans and Democrats, after the contested election of

1876, in which Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for

withdrawing the last of the federal troops from the South

Manifest Destiny

the phrase, coined by journalist John O'Sullivan, which came to stand for the idea that

white Americans had a calling and a duty to seize and settle the American West with Protestant democratic values

Homestead Act

Passed in 1862, it gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years. The settler would only have to pay a registration fee of $25.

Pacific Railway Act

1862 legislation to encourage the construction of a transcontinental railroad, connecting the West to industries in the Northeast (Union Pacific and Central Pacific RR)

Little House on the Prairie

a book about real life events that happened during this era in the great plains

California Gold Rush

the period between 1848 and 1849 when prospectors found large strikes of gold in

California, leading others to rush in and follow suit; this period led to a cycle of

boom and bust through the area, as gold was discovered, mined, and stripped

Cattle Kingdom

the region dominated by the cattle industry and its ranches, trails, and cow towns

First Treaty of Fort Laramie

1851, wyoming and Colorado was where the natives were going to live, natives to new tract of land, eliminate contact with white settlers

Second Treaty of Fort Laramie

The treaty acknowledging U.S. defeat in the Great Sioux War in 1868 and supposedly guaranteeing the Sioux perpetual land and hunting rights in South Dakota, Wyoming, and Montana.

Battle of Wounded Knee

an attempt to disarm a group of Lakota Sioux Indians near Wounded Knee,

South Dakota, which resulted in members of the Seventh Cavalry of the U.S.

Army opening fire and killing over 150 Indians

Carlisle Indian School

Pennsylvania school for Indians funded by the government; children were separated from their tribe and were taught Engilsh and white values/customs. Motto of founder: "Kill the Indian and save the man."

Dawes Severalty Act

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of the American

Chinese Exclusion Act

(1882) Denied any additional Chinese laborers to enter the country while allowing students and merchants to immigrate.

Californios

Descendents of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.

Bonanza wheat farms

large farms owned by speculators who hired laborers to work the land; these large farms

allowed their owners to benefit from economies of scale and prosper, but they did

nothing to help small family farms, which continued to struggle

Ghost Dance Movement

a Native American movement that called for a return to traditional ways of life and challenged white dominance in society

Big Picture of Indian Policy

1) One big reservation: lands west of Mississippi (1825-1848) antebellum period, U.S (whites) made acquisitions for N.A to leave lands west of Miss.

2) Concentration: treat of fort laramie 1851, smaller reservations, civilization campaign, mid 1860s moment of peace

3) assimilation: Dawes Act 1887

American Telephone and Telegraph

Alexander Graham Bell created telephone

George Westinghouse

An American entrepreneur and engineer who invented the railway air brake and was a pioneer of the electrical industry

Robber Barons

an American capitalist who acquired a fortune in the late nineteenth century by ruthless means.

J.P. Morgan

A highly successful banker who bought out Carnegie. With Carnegie's holdings and some others, he launched U.S Steel and made it the first billion dollar corporation.

John D. Rockefeller

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history

Trust

a legal arrangement where a small group of trustees have legal ownership of a business that they

operate for the benefit of other investors

Holding company

a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies

Scientific Management

mechanical engineer Fredrick Taylor's management style, also called "stopwatch management," which divided manufacturing tasks into short, repetitive

segments and encouraged factory owners to seek efficiency and profitability over any benefits of personal

interaction

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

July, 1877 - A large number of railroad workers went on strike because of wage cuts. After a month of strikes, President Hayes sent troops to stop the rioting. The worst railroad violence was in Pittsburgh, with over 40 people killed by militia men.

Knights of Labor

labor union that sought to organize all workers and focused on broad social reforms

Haymarket Affair

the rally and subsequent riot in which several policemen were killed when a bomb

was thrown at a peaceful workers rights rally in Chicago in 1866

American Federation of Labor

1886; founded by Samuel Gompers; sought better wages, hrs, working conditions; skilled laborers, arose out of dissatisfaction with the Knights of Labor, rejected socialist and communist ideas, non-violent.

Homestead Strike

1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.

Pullman Strike

in Chicago, Pullman cut wages but refused to lower rents in the "company town", Eugene Debs had American Railway Union refuse to use Pullman cars, Debs thrown in jail after being sued, strike achieved nothing

Urban Growth

Irish, German Immigration- 1845-1854

In this single decade, the largest immigration proportionate to the American population occurred. The Irish was the largest source of immigration with the German immigrants ranking second in number. This spurred new sentiment for nativism and a new anti-Catholic fervor.

Immigration in the late 19th century

Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe to work in factory jobs in the northeastern part of the United States.

Immigration Restriction League

A Nativist group who wanted to restrict immigration into the U.S. to certain groups they deemed desirable. Because of them congress passed a bill in 1897 requiring a literacy test for immigrants.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period

Gospel of Wealth

This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.