The Purple Book

Freud’s stages are psychosexual while Erik Erikson’s stages are

psychosocial

  In Freud’s psychodynamic theory instincts are emphasized. Erik Erikson is an ego psychologist. Ego psychologists

believe in man’s powers of reasoning to control behavior

The only psychoanalyst who created a developmental theory which encompasses the entire life span was

Erik Erikson

The statement “the ego is dependent on the id” would most likely reflect the work of

Sigmund Freud, who created psychodynamic theory

Jean Piaget’s idiographic approach created his theory with four stages. The correct order from stage 1 to stage 4 is

Sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations

Some behavioral scientists have been critical of Swiss child psychologist Jean Piaget’s developmental research inasmuch as

his findings were often derived from observing his own children

A tall skinny pitcher of water is emptied into a small squatty pitcher. A child indicates that she feels the small pitcher has less water. The child has not yet mastered.

Conservation

  In Piagetian literature, conservation would most likely refer to

Volume or mass

A child masters conservation in the Piagetian stage known as

Concrete operations ages 7-11 years

     _____ expanded on Piaget’s conceptualization of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg

According to Jean Piaget, a child masters the concept of reversibility in the third stage, known as concrete operations or concrete operational thought. This notion suggests

One can undo an action, hence an object (say a glass of water) can return to its initial shape

During a thunderstorm, a 6-year-old child in Piaget’s stage of preoperational thought (stage 2) says, “The rain is following me.” This is an example of

Egocentrism

Lawrence Kohlberg suggested

three levels of morality

The Heinz dilemma is to Kohlberg’s theory as

A typing test is to the level of tying skill mastered.

The term identity crisis come from the work of

Erikson

   Kohlberg’s three levels of morality are

  Preconventional, conventional, postconvetional

Trust versus mistrust is

  Erikson’s first stage of psychosocial development

A person who has successfully mastered Erikson’s first seven stages would be ready to enter Erikson’s final or eighth stage

Integrity versus despair

In Kohlberg’s first or preconventional level, the individual’s moral behavior is guided by

Consequences

Kohlberg’s second level of morality is known as conventional morality. This level is characterized by

b and c: a desire to live up to society’s expectations and a desire to conform

Kohlberg’s highest level of morality is termed postconventional morality. Here the individual

   Has self-imposed morals and ethics

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, level 3, which is postconventional or self-accepted moral principles

Is the highest level of morality. However, some people never reach this level.

The zone of proximal development

Was pioneered by Lev Vygotsky

Freud and Erikson

Could be classified as maturationists

John Bowlby, the British psychiatrist, is most closely associated with

bonding and attachment

In which Eriksonian stage does the midlife crisis occur?

generativity vs. stagnation

The researcher who is well known for his work with maternal deprivation and isolation in rhesus monkeys is

Harry Harlow

The statement: “Males are better than females when performing mathematical calculations” is

true according to research by Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklin

The Eriksonian stage that focuses heavily on sharing you life with another person is

intimacy versus isolation- ages 23-34 years

We often refer to individuals as conformists. Which of these individuals would most likely conform to his or her peers?

a 13-year old male middle school student

In Harry Harlow’s experiments with baby monkeys

the baby monkey was more likely to cling to a terry-cloth surrogate mother than a wire surrogate mother

Freud postulated the psychosexual stages:

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

In adolescence

males commit suicide more often, and females attempt suicide more often

In the general U.S. population

suicide rates tend to increase with age

the fear of death

is greatest during middle age

In Freudian theory, attachment is a major factor

which evolves primarily during the oral age

When comparing girls to boys, it could be noted that, in general

all of the above

The Freudian development stage which “least” emphasizes sexuality is

latency

In terms of parenting young children

boys are punished more than girls

When developmental theorists speak of nurture they really mean

how much heredity or environment interact to influence development

Stage theorists assume

qualitative changes between stages occur

Development

is a continuous process which begins at conception

Development is cephalocaudal, which means

head to foot

Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to their offspring and

all of the above

Piaget’s final stage is known as the formal operational stage. In this stage

a and b: abstract thinking emerges and problems can be solved using deduction

Kohlberg lists _____ stages of moral development which fall into _____ levels.

6;3

A person who lives by his or her individual conscience and universal ethical principles

a and c: has, according to Kohlberg, reached the highest stage of moral development and is in the postconventional level of self-accepted moral principles

Freud’s Oedipus complex

a and b: is the stage in which fantasies of sexual relations with the opposite-sex parent occur and occurs during the phallic stage

In girls the Oedipus complex may be referred to as

the electra complex

The correct order of the Freudian psychosexual stages are

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Eleanor Gibson researched the matter of depth perception in children by utilizing

an apparatus known as a visual cliff

Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as

empiricists

An empiricist view of development would be

behavioristic

In the famous experiment by Harry Harlow, frightened monkeys raised via cloth and wire mothers

ran over and clung to the cloth and wire surrogate mothers

A theorist who views developmental changes as quantitative is said to be an empiricist. The antithesis of this position holds that developmental strides are qualitative. What is the name given to this position?

organicism

In Piaget’s developmental theory, reflexed play the greatest role in the

sensorimotor stage

A mother hides a toy behind her back and a young child does not believe the toy exists anymore. The child has not mastered

a and c: object permanence and representational thought

The schema (i.e., a mental representation of the real world) of permanency and constancy of objects occurs in the

sensorimotor stage- birth to 2 years

John Bowlby has asserted that

conduct disorders and other forms of psychopathology can result from inadequate attachment and bonding in early childhood

The Harlow experiment utilizing monkeys demonstrated that animals placed in isolation during the first few months of life

appeared to be autistic

According to the Freudians, if a child is severely traumatized, he or she may _____ a given psychosexual stage

become fixated at

An expert who has reviewed the literature on videos and violence would conclude that

watching violence tends to make children more aggressive

A counselor who utilizes the term instinctual technically means

behavior that manifests itself in all normal members of a given species

The word ethology, which is often associated with the work of Konrad Lorenz refers to

the study of animals’ behavior in their natural environment

A child who focuses exclusively on a clown’s red nose but ignored the clown’s other features would be illustrating the Piagetian concept of

centration

Piaget felt

that teachers should lecture less, as children in concrete operations learn best via their own actions and experimentation

Piaget’s preoperational stage

includes acquisition of a symbolic schema

Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson agreed that

each developmental stage needed to be resolved before an individual could move on to the next stage

The tendency for adult females in the US to wear high heels is best explained by

sex-role socialization

The sequence of object loss, which goes from protest to despair to detachment, best describes the work of

Bowlby

A counselor who is seeing a 15 year old boy who is not doing well in public speaking class would need to keep in mind that

b and c: in general, girls possess better verbal skills than boys and in general, boys have better visual perceptual skills and are more active and aggressive than girls

Two brothers begin screaming at each other during a family counseling session. The term that best describes the phenomenon is

sibling rivalry

A preschool child’s concept of causality is said to be animistic. This means the child attributes human characteristics to inanimate objects. Thus, the child may fantasize that an automobile or a rock is talking to hi,. This concept is best related to

Piaget’s preoperational period, ages 2-7 years

Elementary school counseling and guidance services

are a fairly new development which did not begin to gain momentum until the 1960s

Research related to elementary school counselors indicates that

these counselors are effective, do make a difference in children’s lives, and more counselors should be employed.

According to the Yale research by Daniel J. Levinson

b and c: 80% of the men in the study experienced moderate to severe midlife crises and an “age 30 crisis” occurs in men when they feel it will soon be too late to make later changes

Erikson’s middle-age stage (ages 35-60) is known as generativity versus stagnation. Generativity refers to

all of the above

A person who can look back on his or her life with few regrets feels

ego-integrity in Erikson’s integrity versus despair stage

Sensorimotor is to Piaget as oral is to Freud, and as _____ is to Erikson

trust versus mistrust

Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation?

H. Harlow

When development comes to a halt, counselors say that the client

suffers from fixation

Kohlberg proposed three levels of morality. Freud, on the other hand, felt morality developed from the

superego

Which theorist would be most likely to say that aggression is an inborn tendency?

Konrad Lorenz

The statement “bad behavior is punished, good behavior is not” is most closely associated with

Kohlberg’s premoral stage at the preconventional level

A critical period

a and c: makes imprinting possible and signifies a special time when the behavior won’t be learned at all

Imprinting- rapid learning during a critical period of development is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object. The primary work in this area was done by

Konrad Lorenz

Marital satisfaction

often decreases with parenthood and often improves after a child leaves home

Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, is famous for his “hierarchy of needs,” which postulates

lower-order physiological and safety needs and higher-order needs, such as self-actualization

To research the dilemma of self-actualization, Maslow

Interviewed the best people he could find who escaped “the psychology of the average.”

Piaget is

a structuralist who believes stage changes are qualitative

_____ factors cause Down Syndrome, the most common type known as trisomy 21

genetic

Piaget referred to the act of taking in the new information as assimilation. This results in accommodation, which is a modification of the child’s cogntivie structures (schemas) to deal with the new information. In Piagetian nomenclature, the balance between assimilation and accommodation is called

equilibration

There are behavioral, structural, and maturational theories of development. The maturational viewpoint utilized the plant growth analogy, in which the mind Is seen as being driven by instincts while the environment provides nourishment, thus placing limits on development. Counselors who are maturationists

allow clients to work through early conflicts

Ritualistic behaviors, which are common to all members of a species, are known as

fixed-action patterns elicited by sign stimuli

Robert Kegan speaks of a “holding environment” in counseling in which

the client can make meaning in the face of a crisis and can find new direction

Most experts in the field of counseling agree that

no one theory completely explains developmental processes; thus, counselors ought to be familiar with all the major theories

Equilibration is

the balance between what one takes in (assimilation) and that which is changed (accommodation)

A counselor is working with a family who just lost everything in a fire. The counselor will ideally focus on

Malow’s lower-order needs, such as physiological and safety needs

The anal retentive personality is

 stingy

From a Freudian perspective, a client who has a problem with alcoholism and excessive smoking would be

considered an oral character