ANATOMY CHAPTER 19-23 (copy)

What are the three classes of hormones?

Amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, lipid derivatives.

What two types of hormones are made from the amino acid tyrosine?

Thyroid hormones and catecholamines.

What are the two groups of lipid-derived hormones?

Eicosanoids and steroids.

What is the main role of the hypothalamus?

Coordinates activity of the pituitary gland.

What is another term for the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Adenohypophysis.

Which seven hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL, GH, MSH.

Which anterior pituitary hormone produces T3 and T4?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Which anterior pituitary hormone targets female mammary glands for milk production?

Prolactin (PRL).

What is another term for the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Neurohypophysis.

What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary gland?

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin.

What are the two types of thyrocytes found in the thyroid gland?

T thyrocytes and C thyrocytes.

How does calcitonin affect calcium levels in the body?

Decreases calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.

How many parathyroid glands are there, and where are they located?

Four, located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland.

What hormone is produced by the parathyroid glands, and what does it do?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); it increases calcium ion concentrations in body fluids.

What are the two main parts of the adrenal glands?

Cortex and medulla.

What enzyme and two hormones are produced by the kidneys?

Enzyme: renin; hormones: erythropoietin and calcitriol.

What is the role of erythropoietin in the body?

Stimulates red blood cell production in response to low oxygen levels.

What is the function of calcitriol?

Increases calcium ion absorption in the intestines.

What are the four types of cells found in the pancreas?

Alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells, and F cells.

Which cell in the pancreas produces glucagon?

Alpha cells.

Which cell in the pancreas produces insulin?

Beta cells.

What do interstitial cells in the testes produce?

Androgens, especially testosterone.

What do follicular cells in the ovaries produce?

Estrogen, especially estradiol.

Which part of the CNS is the pineal gland part of?

Epithalamus.

What hormone is produced by pinealocytes, and what is it derived from?

Melatonin, derived from serotonin.

What is the main role of melatonin in the body?

Regulates circadian rhythms; inhibits reproductive function.

What are the two main components of blood?

Plasma and formed elements.

What percentage of blood volume is plasma, and what is its primary component?

About 55%; primarily water.

What are the three formed elements of blood?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.

What is the typical pH range of blood?

Between 7.35 and 7.45.

What are the three major classes of plasma proteins?

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen.

Which plasma proteins are the major contributors to osmotic pressure?

Albumins.

What are the two types of globulins and their functions?

Immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins.

Which plasma proteins are essential for blood clotting?

Fibrinogen.

What are the other names for red blood cells and white blood cells?

Erythrocytes for red blood cells; leukocytes for white blood cells.

Where are red blood cells produced, and what is their life expectancy?

Produced in red bone marrow; life expectancy is about 120 days.

What is responsible for RBC's ability to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Hemoglobin.

What is the color difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin?

Oxygenated hemoglobin is bright red; deoxygenated hemoglobin is dark red.

What are the two groups of white blood cells?

Granular and agranular leukocytes.

What are the three types of granular leukocytes?

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

Which granular leukocytes are important for immune response?

Neutrophils and eosinophils.

What type of objects do eosinophils attack?

Objects coated with antibodies.

What two substances do basophils release?

Histamine and heparin.

What are the two types of agranular leukocytes?

Lymphocytes and monocytes.

Which agranular leukocytes are the largest?

Monocytes.

Which agranular leukocytes are responsible for specific immunity?

Lymphocytes.

What is the primary function of platelets in the body?

Blood clotting.

How are platelets formed?

From megakaryocytes.

How long do platelets circulate in the blood?

10-12 days.

Differentiate between thrombocytopenia and thrombocytosis.

Thrombocytopenia = low platelet count; thrombocytosis = high platelet count.

What is the process of blood cell formation called?

Hemopoiesis.

What type of cells give rise to all blood cells?

Hematopoietic stem cells.

Where do erythropoiesis and leukopoiesis primarily occur?

In red bone marrow.

What two main circuits make up the cardiovascular system?

Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit.

What are the three main types of blood vessels?

Arteries, veins, and capillaries.

Which blood vessel transports blood away from the heart?

Arteries.

Which blood vessels return blood to the heart?

Veins.

What is the pericardium?

A double-walled sac surrounding the heart.

What are the three layers of the heart wall?

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium.

True or false: The cardiac muscle is striated and has a single central nucleus.

True.

What are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

Supports heart, distributes contractions, isolates muscle cells.

What are the two septa in the heart?

Interatrial septum and interventricular septum.

Differentiate between the superior and inferior vena cava.

SVC receives blood from upper body; IVC receives blood from lower body.

What part of the heart has the thickest wall?

Left ventricle.

What is the role of the heart valves?

Prevent backflow of blood.

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

Tricuspid valve and mitral (bicuspid) valve.

What are the two semilunar valves?

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve.

Which valves lack chordae tendinae?

Semilunar valves.

What muscles do chordae tendinae arise from?

Papillary muscles.

What is the function of coronary circulation?

Supplies blood to the heart muscle.

Where do the right and left coronary arteries branch from?

Ascending aorta.

What are the three cardiac veins that empty into the great cardiac vein?

Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, small cardiac vein.

What is the term that describes the ability to generate and conduct impulses?

Automaticity.

What is the cardiac cycle?

The complete heartbeat; includes systole and diastole.

What are the three layers of blood vessels?

Tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima.

In veins, which layer is the thickest?

Tunica externa.

In arteries, which layer is the thickest?

Tunica media.

What is the term for smooth muscles contracting?

Vasoconstriction.

Which blood vessels lack valves?

Arteries.

What are the three categories of arteries?

Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles.

What are the three types of capillaries?

Continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal.

Which capillaries have 'windows' or pores in their walls?

Fenestrated capillaries.

Which capillaries permit the free exchange of water and solutes?

Sinusoidal capillaries.

Where are sinusoids found?

Liver, bone marrow, spleen, adrenal glands.

What is the term for a network of capillaries that supply blood to specific organs?

Capillary bed.

What are the smallest veins called?

Venules.

What is the luminal diameter of medium-sized veins?

2-10 mm.

Is blood pressure in venules high or low?

Low.

Which contains most of our blood volume, arteries or veins?

Veins (65-70%).

What is the first artery of the systemic circuit?

Aorta.

What are the three subdivisions of the aorta?

Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta.

What artery supplies blood to the neck and face?

External carotid artery.

What are the two subdivisions of the descending aorta?

Thoracic and abdominal aorta.

What vertebral level does the thoracic aorta begin?

T1.

What two arteries does the abdominal aorta split into?

Right and left common iliac arteries.

List the three unpaired arteries from the abdominal aorta.

Celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery.

Where do systemic veins empty into?

Right atrium.

Where does the superior vena cava receive blood from?

Head, neck, arms, and upper torso.

Where does the inferior vena cava receive blood from?

Abdomen and lower limbs.

Which vein do the temporal and maxillary veins drain into?

External jugular vein.