Understanding Karyotypes and Chromosome Pairs

Karyotype

A visual representation of an organism's chromosomes.

Homologous pairs

Chromosome pairs from each parent with similar genes.

Chromosome count in humans

Typical human body cells have 46 chromosomes.

Homologous pair count

One homologous pair consists of two chromosomes.

Chromosome origin

One chromosome from each parent in a pair.

Chromosome similarity

Homologous chromosomes share length and centromere position.

Biological male karyotype

Contains one X and one Y chromosome.

Biological female karyotype

Contains two X chromosomes.

Fertilization

Process where sperm and egg combine.

Zygote

The cell formed after sperm and egg fusion.

Sperm cell ploidy

Sperm cells are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes.

Egg cell ploidy

Egg cells are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes.

Zygote ploidy

Zygotes are diploid, containing 46 chromosomes.

Diploid cells

Cells with two complete sets of chromosomes.

Haploid cells

Cells with half the normal chromosome number.

Body cells

Non-sex cells that are diploid with 46 chromosomes.

Sex cells

Gametes that are haploid with 23 chromosomes.

Homologous pairs in dogs

A dog with 78 chromosomes has 39 homologous pairs.

Chromosome inheritance

Babies inherit homologous pairs from both parents.

Importance of haploid cells

Allows genetic diversity through parental chromosome combination.

Comparison of sex and body cells

Body cells have homologous pairs; sex cells do not.

Chromosome count in dogs

Dog sperm cells have 39 chromosomes.

Chromosome matching

Chromosomes are matched by size in karyotyping.

Centromere

The region where sister chromatids are joined.

Chromosome pairs

Chromosomes are organized into pairs in karyotypes.

Genetic similarity

Homologous chromosomes carry similar genetic information.

Chromosome visualization

Karyotypes are used to visualize chromosomal abnormalities.

Figures 3a & 3b

Illustrations of male and female karyotypes.

Chromosome number significance

Chromosome number is crucial for proper fertilization.