MTEL history

Age of exploration

-the age of discovery

-15th century continued to the 17th century

-technological advances in navigation map making and shipbuilding... These lead to expanded European exploration of the rest of the world

Christopher Columbus

He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.

-was seeking to sea route to Asia

-funded by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

FRENCH, SPANISH, DUTCH and BRITISH colonization in America

FRENCH: focused on expanding for trade. French colonization lead to growth of plantations which brought numerous African slaves to New World

SPANISH: came to look for wealth and to convert natives to Christianity

DUTCH: involved in for trade and imported slaves as need for labor is increased

BRITISH: someone looking for additional income others looking to leave Britain from religious persecution

Navigation acts

-Attempt by Britain to dominate international trade

- banned foreign ships from transporting goods to the British colonies and from transporting goods to Britain from elsewhere in Europe

-Angered some colonist but American colonists as members of the British Empire were legally able to provide ships for Britain's growing trade interests and use the ships for their own trading ventures.... many colonist made fortunes in the shipbuilding trade

Triangular trade

A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa

1: colonies send ships for Africa carrying rum

2: Africa trades rum for gold or slaves... these go to the west Indies for sugar molasses or money

3: ships return to colonies with sugar and molasses to make more rum as well as stores of gold and silver

"no taxation without representation"

-Parliament in Britain represented the entire country. they were not elected to represent individual districts..instead they represented specific classes.

-America have been practicing representative government. They had a legislative bodies that were made up of elected representatives

European Exploration

Columbus sailed over in 1492

Went to the Caribbean islands

Enslaved most of the people and killed many by murder and spread of disease

Columbus became the first European to discover America; thought he was going to India

French and Indian War (Seven Years War)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europe.

1754-1763

Beginning of the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain

Enforcement of regulations became difficult for the people in the colonies

Created the conflict

-British defeat of Spanish Armada and 1588 lead to decline in Spanish power in Europe. This led the British and French into several several battles over several wars....FOURTH AND FINAL WAS THE FRENCH + INDIAN WARS

- French and Indian war fought largely a North American territory resulted in France's rain is a colonial power in North America

-William Pitt led British victory- costs would eventually lead to discontent in the colonies and spark the revolution

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Plan to make an alliance between the French and the Iroquois

Design based on what Benjamin Franklin came up with

Once the delegates went back to their colonies, none of the legislatures passed the alliance

Proclamation of 1763

A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.

The Sugar Act

(1764) British deeply in debt partl to French & Indian War. English Parliament placed a tariff on sugar, coffee, wines, and molasses. colonists avoided the tax by smuggling and by bribing tax collectors.

Required taxes to be collected on molasses brought in the colonies. Also gave British officials right to search homes of anyone suspecting to violate this

The Currency Act

1764 British act forbidding the American colonies to issue paper money as legal tender; act was repealed in 1773 by the British as an effort to ease tensions between themselves and the colonies.

The Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

The Quartering Act

1765 - Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.

Patrick Henry

a leader of the American Revolution and a famous orator who spoke out against British rule of the American colonies (1736-1799)

"Give me Liberty or Give me Death"

The Virginia Stamp Act Resolutions

Pushed through at a Virginia assembly by Patrick Henry in 1765. Approved for denouncing the Stamp Act and stating "no taxation without representation."

The Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

The Declaratory Act

Act passed in 1766 just after the repeal of the Stamp Act. Stated that Parliament could legislate for the colonies in all cases.

The Townshend Act

A tax that the British Parliament passed in 1767 that was placed on leads, glass, paint and tea

Boston Non-Importation Agreement

were a series of commercial restrictions adopted by American colonists to protest British revenue policies prior to the American Revolution. Britain's Stamp Act of 1765 triggered the first of these.

Factors that led to the Boston massacre

-which passage of stamp act, nine colonies met in New York to demand it's repeal. Protests arose in New York City, Philadelphia, Boston and other cities. Protest sometimes escalated into violence often targeting ruling British officials.

-British sent trips to New York City and Boston. On March 5, 1770, protesters began to talk British troops throwing snowballs... Soldiers responded by firing into the crowd.... This clash between protesters and soldiers like the five deaths and eight injuries and was called the Boston massacre... After this Britain repealed the majority of the Townsend acts

Boston Massacre

The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans

The Gaspee Affair

Rhode Island colonists boarded the HMS Gaspee, a British ship, looted it, then burned and sank it in 1772.

The British ship called the Gaspee was found patrolling outside of Narragansett, RI.

The Lieutenant Duddington who was leading the ship was harassed by The Sons of Liberty

A captain of a ship from Newport baited the Gaspee in Providence

It hit shallow waters and once it was grounded a planned attack on the ship happened

Wounded and captured all the men on the ship and set the Gaspee on fire

Tea Act

1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.

Boston Tea Party

A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.

The Intolerable Acts

in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses

First Continental Congress

September 1774, delegates from twelve colonies sent representatives to Philadelphia to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts

Goals of the First Continental Congress

a. Met Sep 5, 1774, with a goal to achieve a peaceful agreement with Britain.

b. Consisted of delegates from 12 of the 13 colonies.

c. Confirmed loyalty to Britain and the right of International affairs, however demanded repeal of the Intolerable Acts, and embargoed Britain until this came to pass.

d. George III declared the colonies must submit or face military action, seeking to end assemblies opposing their policies.

e. On April 19, 1775, the British military was ordered to disperse a meeting of the Massachusetts Assembly, where a battle ensued in Lexington as armed colonists resisted.

f. The resulting battles of Lexington and Concord became the first battles of the American Revolution.

Paul Revere

American silversmith remembered for his midnight ride (celebrated in a poem by Longfellow) to warn the colonists in Lexington and Concord that British troops were coming (1735-1818)

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first military engagement of the Revolutionary War. It occurred on April 19, 1775, when British soldiers fired into a much smaller body of minutemen on Lexington green.

Second Continental Congress

Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.

Significance of second Continental Congress

a. Met May 10, 1775, a month after Lexington and Concord, to discuss defense of the colonies, the growing war, local gov., and declaring independence from Britain.

b. They established an Army, and on June 15, named George Washington as the Commander in Chief.

c. By 1776 there was full scale war with Britain, and on July 4, drafted the Declaration of Independence.

George Washington

elected commander in chief in 1775

Five battles of the Revolutionary war

1: Battle of Lexington and Concord is considered first engagement in revolutionary war

2: Battle of Bunker Hill one of the bloodiest battles of the war. American troops withdrew but half of the British army was lost. Colonists prove that they could stand against professional British soldiers.

3: first colonial victory occurred in Trenton New Jersey when Washington and his troops crossed the Delaware river on Christmas day 1776 for surprise attack on British and Hessian troops.

4: Battle of Saratoga ended a plan to separate the New England colonies from there southern counterparts. Surrender of British general John lead to France joining the war as allies of the Americans, and is considered the turning point in the war

5: October 19, 1781, General Cornwallis surrendered after defeat in the battle of Yorktown Virginia ending the revolutionary war

Commander Benedict Arnold

failed to seize Quebec in 1775. was an early American hero of the Revolutionary War (1775-83) who later became one of the most infamous traitors in U.S. history after he switched sides and fought for the British. ... The plot was discovered, but Arnold escaped to British lines.

Thomas Paine "Common Sense"

1776

Challenged the authority of the British government and the monarchy

Written for the common people of America; not just officials and government leaders of the monarchy

Asked for independence from Britain

The Virginia Declaration of Rights

Served as a model for the Bill of Rights of the Constitution of the United States of America

1776

First declaration to form a new government in America

Set out an outline of the basic rules and rights that the people should get

The First Virginia Constitution

Virginia signed its first constitution in 1776 upon the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Since that time, there have been frequent amendments and six major revisions to the constitution: 1830, 1851, 1864, 1870, 1902, and 1971.

Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776

It is read publicly

Delegates start to sign the Declaration

Valley Forge

Place where Washington's army spent the winter of 1777-1778, a 4th of troops died here from disease and malnutriton, Steuben comes and trains troops

Articles of Confederation

-precursor to the constitution

-prevented the central government from gaining too much power, instead of giving power to a congressional body made up of delegates from all 13 states

-without a strong central executive, this weak alliance proved ineffective. It needed to be revised which led to the drafting of the constitution.

Four coercive acts and their results

Acts meant to punish Massachusetts for define British authority.

1: shut down ports in Boston until city paid back for value of tea destroyed and tea party

2: local government officials in mass must be appointed by Governor rather than being elected by people

3: allowed trials of British soldiers to be transferred to Britain rather than being held in Massachusetts

4: acquired locals to provide lodging for British soldiers any time there was a disturbance.. even in their private homes.

Acts lead to the assembly of the First Continental Congress. 55 delegates met representing 12 of the American colonies. Sought to compromise of England over England's harsh efforts to control colonies.

The Treaty of Paris

-brought an official into the revolutionary war. Britain officially recognize the US as an independent nation

-treaty establish the Mississippi River as the country's western border

-treaty also restored Florida to Spain, while France reclaimed African and Caribbean colonies seized by the British in 1763.

Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and the Great Compromise

Virginia Plan: representation in Congress should be based on State population

New Jersey Plan: Each state should have equal representation

Great Compromise: Each state has the equal representation of two senators in the senate, with the # of representatives in the house of reps based on population.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)

Commerce compromise

-resulted from north south disagreement. north wanted new gov. to regulate exports as well as trade b/w states. south didn't.

-allowed importing slaves to continue for 20 years without government intervention. import taxes on slaves were limited, and after the year 1808 congress could decide whether to allow continued imports of slaves.

Independent Texas

-Danger of an independent territory during 1836-1845, because they could go to war with Mexico, Texas's previous owner, at any time.

Mexican War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Expansion of Railroads

Allowed businesses to ship goods cross country cheaper, faster and more efficiently.

Entrepreneurship

the process of starting, organizing, managing, and assuming the responsibility for a business

Industrial/Capitalists (The Robber Barons)

Andrew Carnegie (steel)

Milton Hershey (Chocolate)

J.P Morgan (Finance)

John D Rockefeller (Oil) (richest man)

Cornelius Vanderbilt (Railroads)

Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852)

Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

American Civil War

Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South.

Inventors

Alexander Graham Bell (telephone)

Samuel Morse (telegraph/morse code)

Thomas Edison (phonograph/electric light)

Henry Ford (assembly line/automobile industry)

Eli Whitney (cotton gin)

Spanish-American War

In 1898, a conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the U.S. supported the Cubans' fight for independence

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

14th Amendment

1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts

Civil Rights Act of 1866

granted citizenship to all men born in US regardless of race, color, or previous condition of slavery. Aa citizens have the same rights as whites

Black Codes

1865-1866

A group of laws passed in former confederate states right after Civil War. Were passed to limit rights of newly freed AA and continue white dominance in US

Freedman's Bureau

est March 1865

A welfare agency designed to help formerly enslaved people become full citizens; provided food, clothing, built schools, hospitals, help families reunite with missing members

1863 Proclamation of Amnesty

AKA: 10% plan

A state could be readmitted to union if 10% of its voters swore a loyalty oath to Union and agreed to end slavery. Proposed by Lincoln, part of presidential reconstruction

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

13th amendment

abolished slavery

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River

Gadsden Purchase

purchase of land from mexico in 1853 that established the present U.S.-mexico boundary

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

land mexico gave up to US in treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848)

CA, NV< UT, parts of AZ, NM, WY, and CO

Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo

(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected

manifest destiny

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

49th parallel

The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean.

Wilmot Proviso

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico

Sectionalism

Loyalty to a region

Missouri Compromise

Missouri admitted as a slave state, Maine as a free state, slavery prohibited above 36'30" parallel

Fugitive Slave Act

(1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders

Anaconda Plan

Union war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture Mississippi R, and to take an army through heart of south

Confederate Strategy

Fight a defensive war and tire the north out and make them want to give up. The south was also hoping to get assistance from European Nations, such as France and Great Britain the relied on the import of cotton from the Southern States.

Trail of Tears

The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4, 00 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Emancipation proclamation

Jan 1 1863

Issued after union victory @ Antietam

Free all slaves in areas of rebellion (i.e. seceded states)

Prevented foreign intervention in war bc no country would intervene to save slavery

military tactic. Lincoln had no authority to ban slavery in Union w/o amendment to constitution

Battle of Vicksburg

May 1863: General Ulysses Grant begins campaign to seize Vicksburg, MS. Vicksburg is a fortified city. Union traps confederates in city's fortified defenses and lays siege. Residents of town forces to hide in caves; food supplies dwindle, people starve and resort to eating horses and rats. Pembertan, commander of Confederates, surrenders July 4, 1863.

Union victory gave union control of MS. Lincoln said winning this battle is "key to winning the civil war"

Battle of Bull Run

July 21, 1861. Va. (outside of D.C.) People watched battle. Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson: Confederate general, held his ground and stood in battle like a "stone wall." Union retreated. Confederate victory. Showed that both sides needed training and war would be long and bloody

Battle of Shiloh

Confederate forces suprised union troops & drove them across the Tennesee river; union got backup and won the battle but it was one of the most bloody battles in the civil war

Battle of Antietam

Civil War battle in which the North suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was the bloodiest battle of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

Ambrose Burnside

General who replaced McClellan. He resigned his command voluntarily after his failure at the battle of Fredericksburg

Joseph Hooker

United States general in the Union Army who was defeated at Chancellorsville by Robert E. Lee

George Meade

During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

Ulysses S Grant

an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Kansas Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Reasons for Westward Expansion (1830s and 40s)

Religion: It was god's will to spread across continent and to control land as white people see fit. 1830s, missionaries move to Oregon Country to christianize Native Americans who were seen as "heathens." Also, Mormans settled in Utah to escape persecution in 1846.

2.Sense of Mission: historic inevitability of American domination, people wanted to spread American Liberty

3. Economic: Participate in fur trade, acquire cheap land that had natural resources (ex: late 1830s settlers move to Oregon for fertile land, following OR trail), Gold Rushes (CA 1848).

4. Cultural: Spread slavery (N. concerned about this)

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river

Military Reconstruction Act 1867

South divided into 5 military districts; states to guarantee full suffrage for blacks; ratify 14th amendment

Readmission:

1. Enact a new constitution to be approved by congress

2. guarantee AA men the right to vote

3. ratify 14th amendment

1868 Presidential Election

1. Former Northern General & Republican, Ulysses S. Grant wins.

2. 500,000 Blacks voted for him. Only won the election by 300,000.

3. Most Whites did not vote for him.

Accomplishments of Reconstruction

reunited union & established federal authority over states

granting of amnesty to southerners who supported confederacy

end of slavery and legal acknowledgement of citizenship

Failures of reconstruction

KKK, Black Codes, Radical Republicans had too much power, Weak Presidents, ineffective government, Freedmen's Bureau ended, racism, Lincoln died, expensive

Presidential reconstruction 1865-1867

Following Lincoln's assassination, Vice-President Andrew Johnson became the new president with plans of reconstruction already in mind. Initially he offered a pardon to to any confederate (minus high-ranking government and military leaders) who took an oath of allegiance. While guaranteeing the enforcement of the 13th Amendment, it did not guarantee any other rights to the freedmen. All seceded Southern States had to create new State governments and constitutions in order to ratify the 13th Amendment (outlawed slavery). He opposed Blacks having legal equality, but he urged for Blacks to have limited voting rights.

Congressional Reconstruction 1867-1877

less willing to compromise on AA rights and appease former confederates

Military Reconstruction Act (1867)

15th amendment

World War I

(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.

US role in WWI

Woodrow Wilson wanted America to remain neutral throughout the war. This allowed the US to trade safely with all nations at war

Results of WWI (1919-1920s)

-america emerged as the political and economic leader of world

-european states went into decline

-germany was devastated