FNP_Pathophys-cells

hypertrophy (what is it and examples)

1. increase / gets bigger

   1. Good

      1. Working out

      2. Pregnancy, uterus.

   2. Bad

      1. Trauma 

      2. Lymphoma / tumor

      3. Heart - left ventricle, cardiomegaly

hyperplasia

1. increase number of cells

   1. Patho

      1. Women–pap smear (esotrogen drive)

      2. BPH–prostate is just getting bigger

      3. increases cancer risk, but does not cause it

         1. Need more monitoring

   2. Phys

      1. Breast tissue in pregnant mom

      2. Liver regeneration 

atrophy

1. reduction in size

   1. Causes: Disuse, malnutrition, aging

      1. GLP, broken limbs

metaplasia

1. Protective measure–increases risk of malignancy 

   1. If cellular stress is removed, you’re good

   2. If it continues, you get cell death.

   3. Needs time to heal

dysplasia

1. deranged growth

   1. Disordered cellular growth

      1. Considered pre-malignant

   2. Chronic risk factors

      1. Chronic infections (HPV), chronic UTI (causes irritation), smoking (ANYTHING)

5 causes of atrophy

disuse, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, decrease blood flow

apoptosis

Spontaneous cell death

types of cell injury (5)

1. physical agents (trauma)

2. radiation (x-ray)

3. chemical (lead, pesticides, plastics)

4. Biologic agents (Bacteria, virus, parasites)

5. Nutritional imbalance (Protein, calories depletion, vitamin d deficiency)

calcium

lower inside cell. too much inside, cell death

Free radial

Highly reactive molecules–they are alone and not paired w/ a electron–since its lonely, it causes damage

1. Radiation exposure, inflammation, injury

Telomeres

1. Cannot grow back

2. Repetitive DNA sequences–end of chromosomes. Protect genetic material. End of shoe lace–doesn’t fray. 

3. They shorten w/ every injury. Don’t come back :( 

4. Need stem cell to get more.

inflammatory markers / labs

ESR, CRP, sed rate

mast cell secrete _________

histamine (secrete by?)

role of histamine in inflammatory response

vascular dilation-increase blood flow, heat, vasular permability

what does prostagladin do in immune response?

1. causes pain and fever and vasodilation.

order of WBC

Neutrophil
Leukocytes
Monocytes
Esinophil
Basophil

neutrophil

indicative of bacteria

esinophil

parasites and allergic reactions and asthma

leukocytes

fight cancers and viruses

Make antibodies

Monocytes

Basophils

Release histamine.

Allergic reactions.

Rare.

Monocytes

Turn into macrophages and eat debris