Aldehydes and Ketones

These flashcards cover key concepts related to aldehydes and ketones, definitions of functional groups, important chemical tests, and overview of their reactions.

Aldehyde

A compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.

Ketone

A compound containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two carbon groups.

Carbonyl Group

A functional group characterized by a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom.

Formalin

An aqueous solution containing 40% formaldehyde, used as a germicide and preservative.

Tollens' Test

A chemical test that produces a silver mirror when an aldehyde is oxidized.

Benedict's Test

A test that indicates the presence of an aldehyde with an adjacent hydroxyl group by forming a brick-red solid.

Hemiacetal

A compound formed when one molecule of alcohol adds to an aldehyde or ketone.

Acetal

A compound formed when a second molecule of alcohol adds to a hemiacetal.

Oxidation of Aldehydes

Aldehydes readily oxidize to form carboxylic acids.

Reduction of Ketones

Ketones can be reduced to secondary alcohols by adding hydrogen or using a reducing agent.

Cyclic Hemiacetal

A hemiacetal formed when a carbonyl group and a hydroxyl group are part of the same molecule, resulting in a cyclic structure.

Acetone

The simplest ketone, also known as propanone, widely used as a solvent.

Polarity of Carbonyl Group

The carbonyl group exhibits a strong dipole, with partial negative charge on oxygen and partial positive charge on carbon.

IUPAC Naming System

A standardized naming convention for chemical compounds, including specific rules for naming functional groups like aldehydes and ketones.

Aldol Reaction

A reaction forming a β-hydroxy aldehyde or ketone from aldol condensation.

Hydrogen Bonding

A type of dipole-dipole interaction between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

Dipole-Dipole Interactions

Interactions between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another polar molecule.

Solubility of Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and ketones with 1 to 4 carbons are soluble in water, while those with 5 or more carbons are not.

Reactivity of Aldehydes vs. Ketones

Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones due to the presence of more positive carbon in the carbonyl group.

Alcohol Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds

The addition of alcohols to aldehydes or ketones forms hemiacetals and acetals.

Disaccharide

A carbohydrate formed from two monosaccharides linked by an acetal bond.