3/4 Final Test - SNC2DE(Grade 10 Pre-IB Science)

Biology, Kinematics, Optics, Chemistry

Cell Theory

• All living things are made up of cells and their products

• The cell is the simplest unit of life to carry out all of life’s processes

• All cells come from other cells

Types Organisms

Prokaryote: Does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryote: Contains a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles with a semi-permeable membrane

• This splits into unicellular and multicellular

  • Multicellular splits into Plant and Animal cells

Cytoplasm

Jelly like substance that suspends organelles, sometimes called cytosol

Cell Membrane

A semi-permeable membrane encasing the cellthat controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Nucleus

A spherical structure containing DNA, info that controls cells functions

Mitochondrion

Converts glucose into ATP through cellular respiration and is often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Endoplasmic Reticulum(Smooth)

• A networking of branching tubes and packets that synthesizes lipids

Endoplasmic Reticulum(Rough)

• Surrounded by Ribosomes

• Synthesises and transports Proteins

Golgi Apparatus

• Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids from ER for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Vacuoles

• Membrane-bound sacs that store nutrients, waste products, and other materials in a cell.

Cell Wall

A rigid outer layer that protects and gives structure to plant cells, algae, and some bacteria.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Chloroplasts

Organelles with chlorophyl found in plant cells that carry out photosynthesis, converting sunlight into energy.

Importance of Cell Division

1. Growth

2. Reproduction

3. Repair

Main Parts of The Cell Cycle

Interphase: Growth & Repair

• G1, S, G2

Mitosis: Repair

• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Cytokinesis: Separation

Interphase

• Phase where cell performs its own function and prepares for division.

• Longest part of the cell cycle.

• DNA is in long thin strands and begins to duplicate

• G1, S, G2

Interphase(G1)

First Gap Phase:

• Cell grows in size, new proteins and organelles are made

Interphase(Synthesis)

DNA is replicated(Chromatin)

Interphase(G2)

Prepares for division

Mitosis(Prophase)

• Chromosomes become visible and nuclear membrane dissolves

Early Prophase:

• DNA coils into chromosomes

• Spindle Fibres from centrioles move to opposite poles

Late Prophase:

• Spindle Fibres attach onto centromeres

Mitosis(Metaphase)

Spindles pull at the centromeres and line up of the chromosomes along the middle

Mitosis(Anaphase)

Chromosomes are separated into chromatids into daughter chromosomes, and are pulled to the pulls as spindles coil.

Mitosis(Telophase)

Chromatids unwind and nuclear membrane reforms around each set of chromosomes at each end, cleavage furrow forms. Parent cell is ready to split.

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm of the Parent Cell divides into 2 genetically identical daughter cells.

Plasmodesmata

microscopic channels that connect plant cells, allowing for communication and transport of molecules between them

Concentration Gradient(Cell Membrane)

• Different between concentration of particles inside and out of membrane

Dynamic Equilibrium

Net movement of particles across the membrane even though equilibrium is reached

Diffusion

Net movement of molecules across a concentration gradient of high to low concentration.

Active Transport

moves substances across cell membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring energy input from the cell

Osmosis

Net movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

Osmosis in Animal Cells

Hypertonic:

Water moves to higher solute concentration, becomes crenated

Isotonic:

Similar solute concentration outside and inside the membrane, normal outcome

Hypotonic:

Low concentration outside the membrane, so water goes inside the membrane more and outcome is lysed

Osmosis in Plant Cells

Plasmolysed : Crenated

Normal : Normal

Turgid : Lysed

Purpose of Digestive system

• Cells need nutrient supply to provide chemical energy

• Other nutrients needed to perform functions

Digestive System

• Takes in food, digests, eliminates waste

• The organ system made of mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gall bladder

• Made of digestive and accessory organs

Epithelial Tissue

Tissue that lines the digestive tract. Made of goblet cells that secrete mucus and acts as a protective layer.

Mucus

Protects the muscular tube from digestive enzymes and allows food to pass smoothly

Mouth

• Entrance way for food

• Physically digests food by break down

• Chemically digests food with mucus and enzymes

Esophagus

• Muscular Tube

• Connects mouth and stomach

• Contracts to push the food

Stomach

• Major organ that holds and churns food with smooth muscle

• Small amount of physical digestion

• Chemically digests with chemical enzymes

Small Intestine

• Long tube with lots of blood vessels

• Absorbs nutrients and diffuses into blood stream

Large Intestine

• Long thick tube

• Absorbs water

• thick border to transport food waste

Liver

• Produces bile juice with helps break down food

Pancreas

• Produced enzymes that break down proteins, fat, carbs

• Produces Insulin for blood sugar regulation