BSC2086L Midterm

What is the purpose of a pulse transducer?

The pulse transducer detects the pulse, a pressure wave created by each heartbeat following the expansion and recoil of arteries.

How does a raw data signal differ from a channel calculation signal?

the raw data signal and the channel calculation signal differ because the system takes time to read the raw data before it can calculate the number of beats

How do you perform unit conversions?

KHDBDCM

K - Kilo .001 = 1 Base

H - Hecto .01 = 1 Base

D - Deca: .1 = 1 Base

B - Base Measurement

D - Deci: 10 = 1 Base

C - Centi: 100 = 1 Base

M - Mili: 1000 = 1 Base

How do you calculate standard deviation?

1. Work out the Mean

2. Then for each number: subtract the Mean and square the result

3. Then work out the mean of those squared differences.

4. Take the square root of that

What is the function of cell membranes?

The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles. In this way, it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules.

What are the structure and components of cell membranes?

The principal components of the plasma membrane are lipids (phospholipids and cholesterol), proteins, and carbohydrate groups that are attached to some of the lipids and proteins.

A phospholipid is a lipid made of glycerol, two fatty acid tails, and a phosphate linked head group.

Biological membranes usually involve two layers of phospholipids with their tails pointing inward, an arrangement called a phospholipid bilayer.

Cholesterol, another lipid composed of four fused carbon rings, is found alongside phospholipids in the core of the membrane.

Membrane proteins may extend partway into the plasma membrane, cross the membrane entirely, or be loosely attached to its inside or outside face.

Carbohydrate groups are present only on the outer surface of the plasma membrane and are attached to proteins, forming glycoproteins, or lipids, forming glycolipids.

Describe the function of the individual components that make up biological membranes

A biological membrane or biomembrane is an enclosing or separating membrane that acts as a selectively permeable barrier within living things. Biological membranes, in the form of eukaryotic cell membranes, consist of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded, integral and peripheral proteins used in communication and transportation of chemicals and ions. The bulk of lipid in a cell membrane provides a fluid matrix for proteins to rotate and laterally diffuse for physiological functioning. Proteins are adapted to high membrane fluidity environment of lipid bilayer with the presence of an annular lipid shell, consisting of lipid molecules bound tightly to surface of integral membrane proteins. The cell membranes are different from the isolating tissues formed by layers of cells, such as mucous membranes, basement membranes, and serous membranes.

Describe the structure of the phospholipid bilayer

The general structure of the phospholipids bilayer is a thin membrane made up of two layers of phospholipid molecules. The phospholipids molecules self

Explain differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

saturated fatty acids are where all the carbon atoms have single bonds between them making the lipid saturated as no more hydrogens can be added. Having no double bond means the fatty acid is straight, and so they can pack closely together (e.g. in triglycerides and phospholipids) meaning they are usually solid at room temperature and are called fats. These usually have a higher melting point as the van der waals forces between them are stronger as they are closer together, meaning it takes more energy to break the bond/ force.

Unsaturated fatty acids are where there is a double bond between one or more of the carbon atoms in the hydrocarbon chain. This leads to them being unsaturated as the double bond can effectively 'fold out' so another hydrogen is able to be added to the molecule. Having one double bond means that the fatty acid is monounsaturated, having many means it is polyunsaturated. These double bonds cause the fatty acid chain to 'kink' meaning the fatty acids can't pack as closely together, which results in more fluidity. This causes the triglycerides to be liquid at room temperature, thus an oil. Having the bend in the hydrocarbon chain means there are weaker van der waals forces between the molecules, and so leading to a lower melting point

How do different environmental factors (i.e. exposure to extreme temperatures, solvents., etc.) impact cell membranes?

Environmental conditions that can stress membranes include:

1. High temperatures causing violent molecular collisions that can physically destroy a membrane.

2. Low temperatures causing water to crystallize as ice, expanding and pushing membrane components apart, often rupturing membranes.

3. High or low salinity environments altering the movement of water in and out of cells

4. High or low pH environments, disrupting the protein components of the membrane

5. Other chemicals in the environment

6. Application of physical stress, such as cutting, can also rupture membranes.

7. Organic solvents may dissolve a membrane's lipids, in effect reducing the membrane to tatters.

Describe what a spectrophotometer is and for what purpose it was used for in the Biological Membranes lab

A spectrophotometer is an instrument that measures the amount of photons (the intensity of light) absorbed after it passes through sample solution. With the spectrophotometer, the amount of a known chemical substance (concentrations) can also be determined by measuring the intensity of light detected

How can our conclusions from the Biological Membrane experiment be applied to cell membranes of other organisms?

The conclusions from the biological membrane experiment could be applied to other organisms because all organisms generally have the same membranes. Therefore, the membranes would most likely be dissolved by solvents like acetone as well.

What are the sensory receptors and for which sense each is specialized for?

Specialized nerve cell that is designed to respond to a specific sensory stimulus. Three types: Exteroceptors, Interoceptors, Proprioceptors

Visual (vision)

Olfactory (smell)

Auditory (hear)

Gustatory (taste)

Equilibrium

Chemoreceptors respond to chemicals. Taste, smell, blood pH

Photoreceptors respond to light energy. Vision (light)

Mechanoreceptors are stimulated by mechanical forces. Hearing, gravity, motion, body position

Thermoreceptors are stimulated by changes in temperature. Located in the hypothalamus and skin

Visual

rods and cones of the retina

Olfactory

Hair cells located in the mucous lining of nasal canal

Auditory

Hair cells of the cochlea

Gustatory

Taste buds on the tongue

Equilibrium

Semicircular canals of inner ear

Identify the structure of a sensory neuron

The structure of these neurons is somewhat different. These neurons lack distinct axons and dendrites, but have processes that function as both.

The soma of the sensory neurons is present in the dorsal root of the spinal cord. It contains the nucleus and other cell organelles.

The axons that arise from the soma divide into two branches •the peripheral branch and the central branch.

The central branch extends from the soma into the posterior horn of the spinal cord. Here, it forms a synaptic junction with second

The peripheral branch extends from the soma to the receptor cells present on the peripheral sensory organs through the spinal nerves. Due to their morphology, these neurons are called pseudo unipolar neurons.

The conduction of nerve impulse and its appropriate response occurs through the ascending pathway (conduction of impulse from the sensory organs to the CNS) or the descending pathway (conduction of impulse from the CNS to the motor organs). The ascending pathway conducts impulses from the receptor organs to the brain and comprise mostly sensory neurons.

Explain adaption of thermoception

Thermoreceptors are rapidly adapting receptors, which are divided into two types: cold and warm.

When you put your finger into cold water, cold receptors depolarize quickly, then adapt to a steady state level which is still more depolarized than the steady state. Warm receptors do the opposite: hyperpolarize quickly, then adapt to a slightly hyperpolarized state.

When you move your finger to cold to warm water, cold receptors (which are already slightly depolarized), don't respond very strongly. Warm receptors do, and the response is stronger than normal, because they are slightly hyperpolarized. The brain perceives the warm water as hot because it is receiving more information from hot receptors than from cold.

The opposite response is observed from the thermoreceptors in the finger that is moved from hot to cold (greater response from cold receptors than warm).

The major point is that most receptors (including thermoreceptors) respond most strongly to a CHANGE in stimulus. Therefore a preceding experience that hyperpolarizes the receptor will cause the brain to interpret a new depolarizing stimulus as being stronger than if it "actually" is.

What are the anatomy and purpose of the structures associated with the senses, especially the eye? (Visual)

Ciliary Body/Muscle - Contracts to focus on nearby objects

Suspensory Ligament - series of fibers that connect the ciliary body of the eye with the lens, holding it in place

Iris - contracts reducing the size of the aperture that admits light into the eye and a protective obscure substance reduces the exposure of the light-sensitive cells

Cornea - the membrane that protects the eye

Conjunctiva - provides protection and lubrication of the eye by the production of mucus and tears

Vitreous Humor - provides nutrients to your eye and helps your eye keep its shape

Lens - a convex lens that focuses the light

Sclera - maintains your eye's shape and protects it from injuries.

Choroid - supply of oxygen and nutrients to the outer retina, light absorption (pigmented choroid), thermoregulation, and modulation of intraocular pressure

Retina - the back surface of the eye covered in receptor cells called rods and cones

Cones - Color differentiation, (day)

Rods - sensitive to light, dark and light differentiation (night)

Ganglion Cells - propagating visual stimuli to the brain

Bipolar Cells - conveying light-driven signals from rods and cones to the retinal output

Amacrine Cells - major carriers of rod signals to the ganglion cells in the retina

Horizontal Cells - increasing contrast via lateral inhibition and adapting both to bright and dim light

Foeva Centralis - highest visual acuity

Optic Disk - Blind Spot

Optic nerve - the nerve that takes the visual signal to the brain

How does an EEG works?

The cerebral cortex contains a huge number of neurons. The activity of these neurons is to some extent synchronized in regular firing rhythms ("brain waves"). Electrodes placed in pairs on the scalp can pick up variations in electrical potential that derive from this underlying cortical activity.

Identify and describe the cerebral cortex

The cerebral cortex is the thin layer of the brain that covers the outer portion (1.5mm to 5mm) of the cerebrum. It is covered by the meninges and often referred to as gray matter. The cortex is gray because nerves in this area lack the insulation that makes most other parts of the brain appear to be white. The cortex also covers the cerebellum.

The cerebral cortex consists of folded bulges called gyri that create deep furrows or fissures called sulci.

The folds in the brain add to its surface area and therefore increase the amount of gray matter and the quantity of information that can be processed.

The cerebrum is the most highly developed part of the human brain and is responsible for thinking, perceiving, producing and understanding language. Most information processing occurs in the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortex is divided into four lobes that each have a specific function. These lobes include the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes, and occipital lobes.

Name three potential sources of artifacts in EEG recordings. What steps could you take to minimize the impact of these artifacts on your data?

Artifacts from movement. For example, facial muscles and eye muscles

A bad connection in the electrodes. For example, where lead wires connect to the Bio Amp cable

Electrical interference from computers, power sources, and fluorescent lamps (this produces 50 or 60 Hz "mains frequency" noise)

How do you identify and quantify alpha and beta waves

In general, the alpha rhythm is the prominent EEG wave pattern of an adult who is awake but relaxed with eyes closed. Each region of the brain had a characteristic alpha rhythm but alpha waves of the greatest amplitude are recorded from the occipital and parietal regions of the cerebral cortex. In general, amplitudes of alpha waves diminish when subjects open their eyes and are attentive to external stimuli although some subjects trained in relaxation techniques can maintain high alpha amplitudes even with their eyes open.

Beta rhythms occur in individuals who are alert and attentive to external stimuli or exert specific mental effort, or paradoxically, beta rhythms also occur during deep sleep, REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep when the eyes switch back and forth. This does not mean that there is less electrical activity, rather that the "positive" and "negative" activities are starting to counterbalance so that the sum of the electrical activity is less. Thus, instead of getting the wave like synchronized pattern of alpha waves, desynchronization or alpha block occurs. So, the beta wave represents arousal of the cortex to a higher state of alertness or tension. It may also be associated with "remembering" or retrieving memories

Explain how brain wave activity is changed by audio and visual stimulation

audio and visual stimulation can influence brain wave activity through mechanisms such as entrainment, modulation of neurotransmitter systems, and cross-modal interactions.

Describe when you would expect to see certain brain wave patterns (i.e. sleep, relaxation, awake and alert, etc.)

Delta (0.5-4 Hz; up to 100-200 µV)
Delta rhythm is the dominant rhythm in sleep stages three and four, but is not seen in the conscious adult

Theta (4-8 Hz; < 30 µV)
Theta rhythm is said not to be seen in awake adults, but is perfectly normal in awake children up to adolescence. It is normal during sleep at all ages

Alpha (8-13 Hz; average amplitudes 30-50 µV)
Alpha rhythm is seen when the eyes are closed and the volunteer is relaxed.

Beta (13-30 Hz; < 20 µV)
In awake, alert individuals with their eyes open, the dominant rhythm is beta. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage and can be accentuated by sedative-hypnotic drugs, such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates.

Gamma (30-50 Hz)
Some people recognize gamma rhythm, but their existence and importance is more controversial. It may be associated with higher mental activity, including perception and consciousness and it disappears under general anesthesia.

Describe the medical applications of EEGs

An EEG is used to detect problems in the electrical activity of the brain that may be associated with certain brain disorders. The measurements given by an EEG are used to confirm or rule out various conditions, including:

seizure disorders (such as epilepsy)
head injury
encephalitis (inflammation of the brain)
brain tumor
encephalopathy (disease that causes brain dysfunction)
memory problems
sleep disorders
stroke
dementia

When someone is in a coma, an EEG may be performed to determine the level of brain activity. The test can also be used to monitor activity during brain surgery.

Describe brain structure

The brain is made of three main parts: the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The forebrain consists of the cerebrum, thalamus, and hypothalamus (part of the limbic system). The midbrain consists of the tectum and tegmentum. The hindbrain is made of the cerebellum, pons and medulla. Often the midbrain, pons, and medulla are referred to together as the brainstem.

What are the main regions of the brain and be able to describe the purpose of each?

Frontal Lobe- associated with reasoning, planning, parts of speech, movement, emotions, and problem solving

Parietal Lobe- associated with movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli

Occipital Lobe- associated with visual processing

Temporal Lobe- associated with perception and recognition of auditory stimuli, memory, and speech

What are different reflexes and the associated neurological connections?

Stretch reflex (L2

Identify the anatomical structures associated with reflexes

interneuron

motor neuron

motor neuron cell body

sensory neuron

sensory neuron cell body

inhibitory interneuron

muscle innervation

stimulatory interneuron

Describe brain injuries/damage (i.e. upper motor neuron lesions, lower motor neuron lesions, and strokes) and how they impact the brain

A traumatic brain injury interferes with the way the brain normally works. When nerve cells in the brain are damaged, they can no longer send information to each other in the normal way. This causes changes in the person's behavior and abilities. The injury may cause different problems, depending upon which parts of the brain were damaged most.

There are three general types of problems that can happen after TBI: physical, cognitive and emotional/ behavioral problems. It is impossible to tell early on which specific problems a person will have after a TBI. Problems typically improve as the person recovers, but this may take weeks or months. With some severe injuries changes can take many years.

What are the pupillary reflexes and how do they function?

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) or photopupillary reflex is a reflex that controls the diameter of the pupil, in response to the intensity (luminance) of light that falls on the retinal ganglion cells of the retina in the back of the eye, thereby assisting in adaptation to various levels of lightness/darkness.

Describe the steps involved in a polysynaptic reflex response

More than 1 synapse in reflex arc. At least one interneuron between sensory neuron and motor neuron.

they involve pools of interneurons they are intersegmental on distribution they involve reciprocal inhibition they have reverberating circuits to prolong the motor response several reflexes may cooperate to produce a coordinated response

Describe a spinal cord injury and neurological level

Assessment of sensory function helps to identify the different pathways for light touch, proprioception, vibration, and pain. Use a pinprick to evaluate pain sensation.

The spinal cord is a long series of nerve cells and fibers running from the base of the brain to shortly above the tailbone. It is encased in the bony vertebrae of the spine, which offers it some protection. The spinal cord relays nerve signals from the brain to all parts of the body and from all points of the body back to the brain. The spinal cord is divided into "neurological" segmental levels, meaning that the focus is on what part of the body the nerves from each section control. The spine is divided into seven neck (cervical) vertebrae, twelve chest (thoracic) vertebra, five back (lumbar) vertebrae, and five tail (sacral) vertebrae. The segments of the spine and spinal cord are designated by letters and numbers; the letters used in the designation correspond to the location on the spine or the spinal cord.

Describe how stretch reflexes are relevant when localizing a spinal cord injury

Stretch reflexes are used to determine which areas of the body the central nervous system are not responding to. For example, if you tap your knee to check for reflex and the leg doesn't move, you then know that the peripheral nerves that lead to the knee are nonresponsive and/or the brain is not receiving a signal from that particular area.

When biological membranes are frozen and then fractured, they tend to break along the middle of the bilayer. Which is the best explanation for this?

A. Hydrophilic interactions between the opposite membrane surfaces are destroyed on freezing.

B. The carbon-carbon bonds of the phospholipid tails are easily broken.

C. The hydrophobic interactions that hold the membrane together are weakest at this point.

D. The integral membrane proteins are not strong enough to hold the bilayer together.

E. Water that is present in the middle of the bilayer freezes and is easily fractured.

C. The hydrophobic interactions that hold the membrane together are weakest at this point.

The bilayer is held together solely by relatively weak non-covalent hydrophobic bonds and there is no formation of stronger chemical bonds. When a bilayer freezes and fractures, it will tend to do so at this weakest point

Which of the following molecules is not part of the cell membrane?

A. Lipids

B. Nucleic acids

C. Phosphate groups

D. Proteins

B. Nucleic acids

Which of the following properties is not true of membrane phospholipids?

A. Only saturated fatty acids are always present.

B. The hydrophilic heads are oriented towards the exterior.

C. The hydrophobic tails are oriented towards the interior.

D. The phospholipid bilayer made up of membrane
phospholipids are randomly interspersed with proteins.

A. Only saturated fatty acids are always present

The membrane may contain only saturated lipids, or a combination of both saturated and unsaturated lipids

What is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane?

A. It maintains membrane tension.

B. It mediates steroid action.

C. It restricts fluidity.

D. It serves as an energy molecule.

E. It transports ions.

C. It restricts fluidity

Cholesterol molecules act to strengthen and restrict fluidity of the bilayer and regulate activity of some membrane proteins

The part of the membrane protein that extends through the phospholipid bilayer is primarily composed of __________ amino acids.

A. highly polar

B. negatively charged

C. non-polar

D. positively charged

E. water soluble

C. non-polar

Transmembrane proteins are primarily composed of non-polar amino acids that span the bilayer

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid-embedded with larger molecules. What are these called?

A. Carbohydrates

B. Nucleotides

C. Polymers

D. Proteins

E. Sodium and potassium ions

D. Proteins

A phospholipid molecule has a polar and a non-polar end. Because of this, what do water molecules form?

A. Covalent bonds with the non-polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

B. Hydrogen bonds with the non-polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

C. Hydrogen bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

D. Polar bonds with the non-polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

E.Polar bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

C. Hydrogen bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule

Why is it important to keep the size and shape of the beet samples the same for each treatment?

You want the surface area for the samples to be uniform so that the solvent penetrates equally. This way, each of the treatments can be fairly compared

Which solvent treatment damaged membranes the most? Which one damaged them the least? Explain your result.

Generally, the higher the solvent concentration, the more damage it will cause; the lower the solvent concentration, the less damage it will cause.

Which of the heat/cold treatments damaged the membranes most? Which one damaged them the least? Explain your result.

Extreme heat will "melt" the membranes causing severe damage. Freezing temperatures can cause ice crystals to form, mechanically shearing the cells apart

Why are beets useful as an experimental organism?

Beets store their pigment in a membrane

Why is it important to blank the spectrophotometer?

The tube and solvent have a small amount of optical density that must be accounted for

Define a sense

a faculty by which the body perceives an external stimulus; one of the faculties of sight, smell, hearing, taste, and touch.

An electrode is inserted into a chemosensory nerve fiber leading away from a taste bud in the mouth of a dog. A mild acid solution is then flushed continuously over the taste buds associated with this nerve. Initially, the nerve responds to this stimulation, but over time ceases to carry action potentials. This observation would best be explained by which of the following?

A. Adaptation of the sensory cells.

B. Lack of neurotransmitter in the sensory nerve.

C. Second messenger influences that increase cell membrane potentials.

D. Translocation.

A. Adaptation of the sensory cells

Adaptation refers to the process by which a sensory system becomes insensitive to a continuing source of stimulation.

In muscles, tendons, and ligaments, which receptor type informs the central nervous system of the position of loads on parts of the body?

A. Chemoreceptor

B. Hair cell

C. Photoreceptor

D. Stretch

D. Stretch

Stretch receptors are a type of mechanoreceptor located in various organs (for example, the heart, muscles and tendons in the limbs, colon, and lungs) in the body.

Vertebrates rely on information from which sensory structure to keep their balance?

A. Eustachian tube

B. Semicircular canal

C. Statocyst

D. Tympanic membrane

B. Semicircular canal

A semicircular canal is one of three interconnected tubes found in each ear. It is part of the vestibular system which provides sensation on movement and balance.

Which statement about sensory systems is false?

A. Sensory adaptation plays a role in the ability of organisms to discriminate between important and unimportant information.

B. Sensory transduction involves the conversion (direct or indirect) of a physical or chemical stimulus into an action potential in a sensory neuron.

C. The more intense a stimulus, the greater the magnitude of each action potential fired by a sensory neuron.

D. The term "adaptation" refers to the process by which a sensory system becomes insensitive to a continuing source of stimulation.

C. The more intense a stimulus, the greater the magnitude of each action potential fired by a sensory neuron.

An action potential is an all-or-nothing process; a single action potential does not change in its magnitude. The intensity of a stimulus can be increased as a result of the number of sensory neurons brought above threshold (recruitment).

Provide a detailed explanation of what you saw when you performed the convergence of gaze activity.

When focusing on the closer object, the farther one appears as double, and vice versa.

What is meant by "binocular vision"? Why do you suppose this is useful?

Binocular vision means that you have two eyes overlapping visual fields. This allows depth perception

How does the near point differ between people with normal vision and those who are nearsighted?

People who are nearsighted (myopic) should have a significantly shorter near point than those with normal vision

When you change your focus from a near object to a far object, what occurs in the eye to allow you to focus on the object?

The muscles that control the curvature of the lens (ciliary muscles) relax, increasing the tension on the suspensory ligaments (zonule fibers), which stretches the lens to a thinner shape.

Given the number of blood vessels in the retina, why do you suppose that you are not able to see them normally?

The brain suppresses the image of the retinal blood vessels. If we always saw all of the blood vessels, it would interfere with our vision.

Which cones are affected in deutan type color blindness?

A. Blue

B. Green

C. Red

B. Green

The term deutan is used for a defect in the green cones. People who have some altered sensitivity in the green cone function are referred to as having a deutanomaly. Complete green cone deficiency is called deutanopia.

Which cones are affected in protan type color blindness?

A. Blue

B. Green

C. Red

C. Red

Complete red cone deficiency is called protanopia.

Which cones are affected in tritan type color blindness?

A. Blue

B. Green

C. Red

A. Blue

Complete blue cone deficiency is called tritanopia.

Does smell influence taste? If yes, how do you think this works?

Without the sense of smell, the identification of a flavor should become extremely difficult.

Is our taste sensitivity uniform across the tongue?

The sensitivity of taste receptors to different tastes varies with region across the tongue.

What can you say about the distribution of the different types of taste receptors?

The classical interpretation of taste distribution is that various regions of the tongue are sensitive to different tastes; the "tongue map" theory. This has now been disproved. It is believed that all areas of the tongue can detect all tastes, but some areas are more sensitive than others to particular tastes.

Which statement regarding the amplitude of the EEG signal recorded by electrodes over the head is true?

A. It is about the same size as the ECG signal recorded in limb leads.

B. It is about the same size as the EMG signal recorded over an active biceps muscle.

C. It is much smaller than either the ECG or EMG signals described above.

C. It is much smaller than either the ECG or EMG signals described above.

Scalp-recorded EEG is small in amplitude because the electrical activity recorded must be measured through the skull and cerebrospinal fluid.

EEG is a result of which of the following?

A. Action potentials in the CNS.

B. Predominantly the visual cortex.

C. Slow changes in cortical neuron membrane potentials

C. Slow changes in cortical neuron membrane potentials.

The EEG results from slow changes in the membrane potentials of cortical neurons, especially the excitatory and inhibitory post-synaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs). Very little contribution normally comes from action potentials propagated along nerve axons.

Which statement regarding alpha rhythm in the EEG is true?

A. It can be seen clearly and is larger in amplitude with the subject's eyes closed.

B. It has a frequency range of 0.5-4 Hz.

C. It is enhanced by mental activity.

A. It can be seen clearly and is larger in amplitude with the subject's eyes closed.

Alpha rhythm is associated with a relaxed mental state and is thus larger in amplitude with the eyes closed.

Which statement regarding beta rhythm in the EEG is true?

A. It has a frequency range of 8-13 Hz.

B. It is only seen during deep sleep.

C. It is the predominant wave in alert individuals.

C. It is the predominant wave in alert individuals.

Which statement regarding theta rhythm in the EEG is true?

A. It has a frequency range of 13-30 Hz.

B. It is never seen in awake, pre-adolescent children.

C. It is seen in adults only during sleep.

C. It is seen in adults only during sleep.

Which statement regarding REM sleep is true?

A. Alpha waves are linked to the rapid eye movements.

B. EEG alpha and beta activities are decreased.

C. Dreaming is absent.

B. EEG alpha and beta activities are decreased.

Alpha and beta rhythm can be observed in early stages of sleep, but is absent in REM sleep

What happened to the alpha waves when the eyes were closed compared to when they were open?

Alpha waves can be seen during wakeful relaxation when the eyes are closed. When the eyes are open, the alpha waves are reduced

What effects did the mental arithmetic have on the alpha wave activity?

Alpha waves are thought to indicate a brain is calm, relaxed, and awake. It would be expected that the alpha amplitude should be significantly reduced and the alpha frequency somewhat depleted by mental efforts, such as doing calculations or concentrating on an idea

Which structure has been most highly conserved through evolution and regulates life-sustaining functions?

A. Diencephalon

B. Medulla

C. Telencephalon

B. Medulla

The midbrain and hindbrain (which contains the pons, medulla, and cerebellum) are the most highly conserved regions throughout evolution

Which region of the human forebrain has increased the greatest amount over time?

A. Mesencephalon

B. Rhombencephalon

C. Telencephalon

C. Telencephalon

The telecenphalon varies in size between vertebrate species. This part of the forebrain is greatly enlarged in more evolved species

Which region of the brain is responsible for memory?

A. Basal ganglia

B. Brainstem

C. Cerebellum

D. Cerebral hemisphere

D. Cerebral hemisphere

Which region of the brain is involved in the timing and planning of movement?

A. Basal ganglia

B. Brainstem

C. Cerebellum

D. Cerebral hemisphere

E. Spinal cord

C. Cerebellum

Autonomic control center

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

A. Hypothalamic function

Ensures smooth and balanced movements

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

Generates respiratory rhythm

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

Mediates sensation and motor activities

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

Recognition of anger and fear

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

Regulation of body temperature

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

A. Hypothalamic function

Regulation of food intake

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

A. Hypothalamic function

Regulation of sleep-wake cycles

A. Hypothalamic function

B. Non-hypothalamic function

A. Hypothalamic function

Auditory cortex

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

A. Sensory function

Basal ganglia

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

B. Motor function

Broca's area

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

B. Motor function

Frontal eye field

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

B. Motor function

Gustatory cortex

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

A. Sensory function

Premotor cortex

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

B. Motor function

Primary somatosensory cortex

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

A. Sensory function

Visceral sensory cortex

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

A. Sensory function

Visual cortex

A. Sensory function

B. Motor function

A. Sensory function

The cerebellum initiates motor activity.

A. True

B. False

B. False

The cerebellum is involved in controlling the rate, range, and direction of movements

A. True

B. False

A. True

The cerebellum is involved in the processing of sensory information from the skin

A. True

B. False

B. False

The cerebellum regulates balance and eye movements

A. True

B. False

A. True

What symptoms might you see in a person with a cerebellar lesion?

A. They may have difficulty performing rapid alternating movements.

B. They may not be able to initiate movement.

C. They will have difficulty with balance only when the eyes are shut.

D. They will lose the sensation of light touch.

A. They may have difficulty performing rapid alternating movements.

Damage to the cerebellum does not prevent a person moving, but it makes actions hesitant and clumsy and affects balance and gait. These are affected regardless of whether the eyes are open or shut