GIT, hepato, renal

Morphological marker in chronic Hepatitis B hepatocytes

Ground-glass hepatocytes

Primary serum tumor marker for Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC)

Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP)

Cells responsible for collagen production and fibrosis in cirrhosis

Stellate cells (Ito cells)

Intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Mallory-Denk bodies

Type of necrosis in peripancreatic fat during Acute Pancreatitis

Enzymatic fat necrosis (saponification)

Primary chemical component of the most common gallstones

Cholesterol

Most common primary malignant liver tumor in children under 3

Hepatoblastoma

Microscopic appearance of liver in Chronic Venous Congestion

Nutmeg liver

Macroscopic appearance of pus from an Amoebic Liver Abscess

Anchovy sauce pus

Risk factors for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, Alcoholic cirrhosis

Systemic complications of Cirrhosis

Ascites, Hepatic encephalopathy, Esophageal varices

Clinical signs in Charcot's Triad

Right upper quadrant pain, Jaundice, Fever

Mechanisms causing Ascites

Portal hypertension, Hypoalbuminemia, Sodium retention

Most common histological variant of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Classic clinical triad of Renal Cell Carcinoma

Hematuria, Flank pain, Palpable abdominal mass

Electron microscopic hallmark of Minimal Change Disease

Effacement (fusion) of podocyte foot processes

Light microscopy feature of Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis

"Tram-track" appearance

Immunofluorescence pattern seen in Post-Streptococcal Glomerulonephritis

"Starry sky" (granular IgG and C3)

Pathognomonic microscopic finding in urine sediment for Nephritic Syndrome

Red Blood Cell (RBC) casts

Alternate name for Nephroblastoma

Wilms tumor

Nodular glomerulosclerosis lesion diagnostic of Diabetic Nephropathy

Kimmelstiel-Wilson (KW) nodules

Gene mutations associated with ADPKD

PKD1 (chromosome 16) and PKD2 (chromosome 4)

Microscopic renal biopsy finding pathognomonic for Class IV Lupus Nephritis

"Wire-loop" lesions

Microscopic description of renal tubules in Chronic Pyelonephritis

Thyroidization of the kidney

Specific light chain proteins found in urine of Myeloma Kidney

Bence-Jones proteins

Chemical composition of the most common renal calculi

Calcium oxalate

Stone type characteristically shaped like a "Staghorn" calculus

Struvite stone (Magnesium ammonium phosphate)

Core clinical features of Nephrotic Syndrome

Heavy proteinuria (>3.5g/day), Hypoalbuminemia, Generalized edema

Core clinical features of Nephritic Syndrome

Hematuria, Oliguria, Hypertension

Extra-renal manifestations of ADPKD

Polycystic liver disease, Berry aneurysms, Mitral valve prolapse

Metaplastic change from squamous to columnar epithelium in lower esophagus

Barrett’s esophagus

Microscopic cells with peripheral nuclei seen in diffuse gastric cancer

Signet-ring cells

Metastatic spread of gastric cancer to the ovaries

Krukenberg tumor

Chronic gastritis type caused by autoantibodies to parietal cells

Autoimmune gastritis (Type A)

IBD characterized by transmural inflammation and skip lesions

Crohn's disease

Mucosal appearance of the colon in Crohn's disease

Cobblestone appearance

Radiologic barium enema sign seen in chronic Ulcerative Colitis

Lead-pipe sign

Pathognomonic colonic ulcer shape seen in Amoebic Dysentery

Flask-shaped ulcer

Gene mutation associated with Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)

APC gene

Primary serum tumor marker used to monitor Colorectal Carcinoma

Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)

Urine metabolite used to diagnose Carcinoid Syndrome

5-HIAA

Most common benign tumor of the salivary glands

Pleomorphic adenoma (Benign Mixed Tumor)

Clinical term for a fixed white patch on oral mucosa that cannot be scraped off

Leukoplakia

Give 3 examples of symptoms in Carcinoid Syndrome

Flushing, Diarrhea, Wheezing

Give 3 examples of non-neoplastic intestinal polyps

Hyperplastic polyps, Inflammatory polyps, Hamartomatous polyps

Give 2