PLN 1 - AUSAT

Site Planning

is the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the space between, an art linked to architecture, engineering, landscape architecture and city planning. it is the organization of the external physical environment to accommodate human behavior.

gathering of data

the process of site planning begins with the ____________ relating specifically to the site under consideration and the surrounding areas.

examined and analyzed

after all information has been obtained, it must be ___________.

survey

is a checklist of information or data pertaining to a site. a list that would be drawn up after an INITIAL ANALYSIS of the problem.

physical data

geology and soil

water

topography

climate

ecology

man-made structures

sensuous qualities

geology and soil

rock character and depth

soil type and depth, value as an engineering material and plant medium

fill, ledge, slides, subsidence

water

existing water bodies - variation and purity

natural and man-made drainage channels - flow capacity and purity

surface drainage pattern, amount, blockages, undrained depressions

topography

pattern of landforms

contours

slope analysis

visibility analysis

circulation analysis

unique feature

climate

regional data on variation of temperature, precipitation, humidity, solar angle, cloudiness, wind direction and force.

local microclimates: warm and cool slopes, air drainage, wind direction and local breeze, shade, heat deflection and storage, plant indicators.

sound levels, smell, atmospheric quality.

ecology

dominant plant/animal communities - location and relative stability; their dependence on existing factors, self-regulation and sensitivity to change.

mapping of general plant cover, including wood areas.

specimen trees to be retained: their location, spread, species and elevation at base

man-made structures

existing buildings outline, location, color, elevations, type condition use

circulation facilities (roads,paths,rails,transit,etc) location, capacity and condition

utilities (storm and sanitary sewers,water,gas,electricity, telephone, steam,etc)

sensuous qualities

character and relation of visual spaces

view points, vistas, visual focal points

character and rhythm of visual sequences

quality and variation of light,sound, smell, feel

cultural data

-resident and using population.

-on-site and adjacent behavior settings:nature, location rhythm, stability, participants, conflicts.

-site values, rights and restraints.

-past and future

-images

resident and using population

number of composition

social structure and institutions

economic and political structure

current changes and problems

site values, rights and restraints

ownerships, easements and other rights

legal controls: zoning and other regulations

economic values, accepted territories and political jurisdictions

past and future

site history and its traces

public and private intentions for future use of site conflicts

images

group and individual identification and organizations of the site

meanings attached to site, symbolic expression

Images

hopes, fears, wishes, preferences

i. Classification of site by areas of similar structures, quality and problems

ii. Identification of key points, lines and areas

iii. Analysis of current and likely future changes - the dynamic aspect of the site

iv. Identification of significant problems and possibilities

contours

are sets of imaginary lines that connect all points of some arbitrary equal elevation on the ground.

topography

the art or practice of graphic or exact delineation in minute detail, usually on maps or charts of the physical features of any place or region specially in relation to their exact position and elevation.

topographic elevation

are indicated along given contour lines

black, blue, green, red, brown

topographic maps are printed in 5 colors: _____, _____, _____, _____, _____

black

cultural features such as roads, railroads, and civil boundaries are printed in color _____

blue

water bodies are printed in color _____

green

woodlands are printed in color _____

red

developed urban areas are printed in color _____

brown

contour lines are printed in color _____

O

layer ___ - a thin organic-rich layer at the surface that consists of devaluing plant material and humus

A

layer ____ - also known as the topsoil layer

B

layer ___ - also known as the subsoil

C

layer ___ - represents the unconsolidates material that has not been affected by the soil formation process

bedrock or ledge

if it exists near the surface, it is found below the C horizon, and bedrock is found directly below the B horizon.

laboratory or field

soil can be classified through a ___________ or _______ test.

soil

it is made up of a mixture of stone and earth

shear strength

determines the stability of a soil and its ability to resist failure under loading; is the result of internal friction and cohesion.

internal friction

is the resistance to sliding between soil particles, and cohesion the mutual attraction between particles due to moisture content and molecular forces

slope failure

occurs when shear stress exceeds shear strength

soil bearing capacity

the ability of the surface and subsurface material to carry the weight of the structures.

topsoil

layer of soil which is a critical medium for plants

geophysical investigations

are made to determine the geologic conditions that affect the design, safety, effectiveness and cost of a proposed project

geophysical exploration methods

seismic, electrical resistivity, sonic, electrical logging, magnetic and gravity methods

geological faults

are lines of weaknesses caused by previous movements of the earth's crust and always have a potential for further movement.

aquifers

are underground "reservoir" or water. The water is not usually held in ponds of water but in the pores between individual particles which make up the rock, or in the fissures of the rock. It is the water tapped when drilling artesian wells.

high water table

this level of water table is easily identified by digging a hole 2 meters deep and observe if it gradually fills up with water. It can also indicate that the site is liable to flood.

difficulties in excavation, cause flooding in basements, flood utilities and unstable foundations

low water table

problem for water supply and for vegetation

fluctuating water table

will cause heavy clay soil alternatively to shrink and swell

underground water course

critical and no structure should be sited over them

rock outcrops

Outcrops of rock on the site can be both problems and assets depending on the purpose for which the site is to be developed.

mineral reserve

the site plannner needs to establish if the rocks, gravel deposits or sand underlying the project area are of any economic value.

geomorphology

is the study of the processes that have shaped the earth.

erosion

is any process by which sediment is entrained (eroded) and moved away from its original location by gradational agents, which include gravity, water, wind, ice and humans.

sedimentation

is the deposition and accumulation of transported sediment, or precipitation of deposits from water.

surge

is the difference in water elevation between normal tide level and the storm tide.

soil bearing capacity and geological features

2 main ways in which geology influences site planning decision-making process

soil liquefaction

generally associated with the reduction in strength and stifness of a soil as a result of increased pore water pressure caused by earthquake shaking or rapid loading

microclimatology

is the study of climatic conditions within a limited area. also called "science of small-scale weather"

50-80 degrees F (10 - 27 deg. C)

ideal temperature for human comfort

40-75%

ideal humidity for human comfort

climate

interacting variables including temperature, water vapor, wind, solar radiation, precipitation

1000 ft (304 m)

how far from the site do we need to consider all major roads to evaluate the site's exposure to roadway noise.

barrier adjustment

formed by the road profile, by a solid wall or embankment, by a continuous row of buildings, or by the terrain itself.

3000 feet (915 m)

consider all above ground rapid- transit lines and railroads within _________ from the site.

15 miles (24 km)

consider all airport, both commercial and military, within _________.

500-1000 ft (152-305 m)

foliage should be ______ deep to diminish properly the intensity of normal traffic noise.

line, shape, mass, color and texture

the landscape designer must think in terms of art elements: _____,_____,_____,_____ and _____, in his concern for a good design.

level site

offers the planner the best and easiest solution to site development

formal and informal layout

2 types of building layouts suitable for level sites: (elevations)

sloping terrain

next to a level site; a slopping site provides the planner with a variety of building types and groupings.

rolling terrain

more difficult to manage but creates a far more interesting land development

isolated building

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

enclosed within space

building enclosing space and space enclosing building

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

interior space becomes cohesive therefore no elements to alienate buildings.

enclosed space

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

isolated but cut-up with traffic lines

space cohesive

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

less isolated

under/over pass

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

unified isolated buildings

built-up corners

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

corners are built-up making the design of the buildings restricted since a similar shape must be adopted to hold the design together

monument/statue/fountain

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

introducing a monument/statue/fountain creates a visual identity for the space.

terminal points

PHYSICAL ARRANGEMENT OF BUILDINGS:

use of terminal points is essential in siting a building such as the Piazza San Marco in Venice.

1%-8% (1:100-1:12)

minimum - maximum permitted angle of slope of streets and drives

1%-5% (1:100-1:20)

minimum - maximum permitted angle of slope of parking areas

5%-8% (1:20-1:12)

minimum - maximum permitted angle of slope of main foothpaths - bitumen

geometric

linear or street ribbon; a straight road used to connect one community to another; crossings are few and far between

gridiron

site is divided into square or rectangular blocks

radial

use of circumferential and radial roads to connect the center or the city to the outskirts a ripple manner

meandering

used in highly mountainous sites; following the contours of the topography

combination

using both the geometric and meandering street patterns.

modified grid

the advantage of a grid system is its ability to lay out streets in an easy and direct manner as well as the easy installation of services following the grids of the streets.

Cul-de-sac

the grouping of houses presents a far less difficult problem than that of the straight street; it is shaped so that the fronting houses automatically create an enclosed space

500 ft. (152.4 m)

for effectivity, the length of a cul-de-sac should not be longer than __________.

loops

good opportunities exist for varied and interesting house groups on lots flanking looped streets.

800-1000 ft (243-204 m)

the practical minimum distance between intersections on the major arterial highway should be _____________.

4 ft (1.2 m)

min for sidewalk

8 ft (2.4 m)

when trees are planted between the curb and the sidewalk, the sidewalk should be set back approximately _______.

200 ft (60 m)

horizontal alignment of all collector streets, minor, loop, and access streets should provide a minimum of ____________ in clear sight distance.

major road

TYPES OF STREETS:

(major arterials: highways, bi-ways, expressways, super-highways, freeways, motorways, autobahns, etc.)

Provide unity throughout contiguous urban areas

Usually form boundaries for neighborhoods

Minor access control; channelized intersection; parking generally prohibited

secondary roads

TYPES OF STREETS:

(minor arterial: avenue, boulevard, etc.)

Main feeder streets

Signals where needed Stop signs on side streets

Occasionally form boundaries for neighborhoods

collector streets

TYPES OF STREETS:

Main interior streets

Stop signs on side streets

local streets

TYPES OF STREETS:

Local service streets

Non-conducive to through traffic

cul-de-sac

TYPES OF STREETS:

(dead ends, turn around, T junction, Y junction, hammer, loop) Street open only to one end with provision for a practical turnaround at the other

physiological needs

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs:

need for water, food, air, warmth

safety and security needs

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs:

both psychological and physiological