science FINAL study guide

.1.Cilia (p. 187)

short hair like extensions ands are very numerous and look like hair

2.Cytoplasm (p. 181)

jelly like material inside of cell where most organelles float within

3.Cytoskeleton (p. 185)

support structure within the cytoplasmthat is constantly changing shape,forms the framework for the cell, and is made of microtubes and microfillaments

4. Endoplasmic reticulum (p. 181)

the site of cellular chemical reaction,rough verison receives ribosomes from the nucleus and transports them,smooth version makes fat and breaks down toxins

5. Flagella (p. 187)

long whip like extensions,there are usually only two in a cell

6. Golgi apparatus (p. 182)

closely stack flattened membrane stacks,recieves and ships proteins,post office of cell

7. Lysosome (p. 183)

Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down food, bacteria or dying cells.

8. Microfilament (p. 185)

thin solid protein fibers

9. Microtubule (p. 185)

thin hollow cylinders made of proteins

10. Mitochondria (p. 185)

Powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP from glucose.

11. Nucleolus (p. 181)

Within the nucleus, makes ribosomes.

12. Plastid (p. 184)

a group of organelles that include chloroplast,primarily used for storage,stores starches, lipids or pigments

13. Ribosome (p. 181)

Not bound by any membrane, only job is to make proteins, transported by the rough ER.

14. Vacuole (p. 183)

Stores food, water, waste, color pigments; for plant cells is large and central, for animal cells is small and scattered.

15. Cell (p. 171)

the basic unit of living organisms

16. Cell theory (p. 172)

all organisms are made of one or more cells,the cell is the basic unbit of structure and orginization of organisms,all cells come from preexisting cells

17. Compound light microscope (p. 171)

a microscope that uses a series of lenses to magnify objects in steps,can magnify up to 1500 times invented by Antonj van Leeuwenhoek

18. Electron microscope (p. 172)

a microscope that uses a beam of electrons instead of light to magnify structures up to 500,000 times there actual size

19. Eukaryote (p. 173)

cells containing membrane

20. Nucleus (p. 174)

Manages cell functions, contains DNA/chromatin.

21. Organelle (p. 173)

any of a number of organized or specialized structures within a living cell.

22. Prokaryote (p. 173)

a microscopic single

23.Fluid Mosaic Mosel (p. 178)

describes the structure of cell membranes, specifically the plasma membrane, as a dynamic and fluid arrangement of phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

phospholipid (p. 176)

a class of lipids that are the main structural component of cell membranes. They are characterized by having a hydrophilic (water

24.Plasma membrane(p. 175)

Composed of lipids and proteins, allows materials to enter and exit, is semipermeable.Allows nutrients to come in

25. Selective permeability(p. 175)

a process in which a membrane allows some molecules to pass through while keeping others out

26. Transport proteins

proteins that move needed substances or waste materials throught the plasma membrane

27. Cell wall (p. 179)

Surrounds the plasma membrane in plant cells, made of cellulose

28. Chlorophyll (p. 184)

the green pigment found within the chloroplasts that captures light energy for photosynthesis

29. Chloroplast (p. 184)

Job is to perform photosynthesis in plant cells, is green.

30. Chromatin (p. 180) (p. 178)

strands of genetic material aka DNA

31. Allele (p. 256)

An alternative form of a gene

32. Dominant (p. 256)

an allele (a version of a gene) that expresses its trait even when paired with a different allele P

33. Fertilization (p. 253)

the uniting of male and female gametes to form a new cell (zygote).

34. Gametes (p. 253)

A sex cell; in plants, the male gamete is in the pollen and the female gamete is in the ovule.

35. Genetics (p. 253)

The branch of biology that studies heredity.

36. Genotype (p. 258)

The genetic makeup or combination of alleles in an organism.

37. Heredity (p. 253)

he passing on of characteristics (traits) from parents to offspring.

38. Heterozygous (p. 259)

An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (e.g., Tt)

39.Homozygous (p. 258)

An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait (e.g., TT or tt)

40.Hybrid (p. 255)

The offspring of parents that have different forms of a trait, such as tall and short.

41.Law of independent assortment (p. 260)

States that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.

42.Law of Segregation (p. 257)

States that each parent passes on only one allele for each trait to each offspring, and alleles separate when gametes are formed.

43. Phenotype (p. 258)

The observable traits or physical appearance of an organism.

44. Pollination (p. 254)

The transfer of male pollen grains to the pistil of a flower.

45. Recessive (p. 256)

The trait that disappears in the F1 generation and reappears in the F2 generation; only expressed when two recessive alleles are present

46. Trait (p. 253)

a specific characteristic of an individual that can be inherited

47. Zygote (p. 253)

a fertilized egg cell formed by the union of a male sperm cell and a female egg cell

48. Crossing over (p. 266)

the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis, specifically during prophase I

49.Diploid (p. 263)

the presence of two complete sets of chromosomes in an organism's cells, with each parent contributing a chromosome to each pair

50. Egg (p. 265)

female gametes

51. Genetic recombination (p. 270)

the rearrangement of DNA sequences by the breakage and rejoining of chromosomes or chromosome segments

52. Haploid (p. 263)

a cell or organism that contains only one set of chromosomes, which is half the number found in diploid cells

53. Homologous chromosome (p. 264)

a pair of chromosomes that share the same genes in the same order, but may have different versions (alleles) of those genes

54 Meiosis (p. 265)

a type of cell division where one cell divides twice, producing four daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes compared to the parent cel

55. Nondisjunction (p.271)

a pair of homologous chromosomes has failed to separate or segregate at anaphase so that both chromosomes of the pair pass to the same daughter cell

56. Sexual Reproduction (p. 266)

the production of new organisms by the combination of genetic information of two individuals of different sexes

57. Sperm (p. 265)

male gameates