HMWH Unit 2

Voltaire

________: Believed in freedom of religion and freedom of speech or expression.

Scientific theory

________:: Developed in the 1600s and contains four components (Question from observation, hypothesis: unproved assumption, Test in experiments, Conclusion- confirms or disproves a hypothesis)

Glorious Revolutin

________:: Known as the "bloodless revolution "took place took place from 1688- 89 in England.

Heliocentric theory

________:: a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it.

Copernicus

________:: Published his book in 1543 and waited a long time because he feared ridicule and persecution.

Treason

________ should be the only reason for execution.

Johannes Kepler

________:: Concluded certain mathematical laws based off of Brahes work.

Diderot

________:: Created the first encyclopedia published in 1751, Contained information about science, art, technology, and government.

Bacon

________:: Criticized medieval scholars for relying too heavily on Aristotles conclusions and other ancient thinkers.

Adam Smith

________: Believed that individuals acting in their own self- interests created economic progress.

Joseph ll

________:: Ruled from 1780- 1790, Supported religious toleration however also dissolved monasteries, Gave Jews rights, Continued the reforms of his mother Maria Theresa, Created a bureaucracy with administrative, judicial, and fiscal departments.

Republic

________:: a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.

Laissez faire

________:: An economic system that allows transactions between groups be free from any economic interventions coming from outside groups.

John Locke

________:: thought people were naturally shaped by experiences (tabula rosa) and believed that people could improve.

Mary Wollstonecraft

________:: first true feminist, fought for womens education rights, Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women.

Invisible hand

________:: Visual Representation by Adam Smith that explained how free market economy is guided by a unseen force.

Rousseau

________::"Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains ".Believed all people are equal and should have an equal voice in things.

Salons

________:: Social gatherings hosted by women that were considered for the culturally wealthy or elite.

Deism

________::"civil "religion- believes in god (s) but only to a certain extent and they have certain beliefs and doubts about everything.

Thomas Jefferson

________:: 1770s, Ancient "republic= "representation government, Wrote the Declaration of Independence.

Catherine the great

________:: Ruled from 1762- 1796, Relaxed censorship, Led to Russia emerging as a global power,"Westernized "Russia with agriculture and industry, Encouraged education for nobility and middle class.

Beccaria

________:: Believed that not every crime should have the same punishment.

Thomas Hobbes

________:: Thought people were naturally selfish and evil, moved away from divine monarchy and into absolute monarchy.

theory of Empiricism

The ________ or experimental method isnt reasoning from abstract theories but experimenting and then drawing conclusions.

Montesquieu

________:: Separation of power is the best type of government.

Scientific revolution

________:: a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Declaration of Independence

________:: Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, Declared our independence from Britain.

Divine right

________:: monarch is not subject to any rule on earth, and his right to rule comes directly from God.

Enlightenment rulers

________:: Monarch respects peoples rights and Make countries stronger and dont tear them apart.

Neoclassical music

________:: Also known as classical music.

Geocentric theory

________:: any theory of the structure of the solar system (or the universe) in which Earth is assumed to be at the center of it all.

Scientific revolution

a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries

Heliocentric theory

a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it

Copernicus

Published his book in 1543 and waited a long time because he feared ridicule and persecution

Johannes Kepler

Concluded certain mathematical laws based off of Brahes work

Galileo

disproved Aristotle with his findings

Geocentric theory

any theory of the structure of the solar system (or the universe) in which Earth is assumed to be at the center of it all

Bacon

Criticized medieval scholars for relying too heavily on Aristotles conclusions and other ancient thinkers

Descartes

first modern philosopher

Isaac Newton

English physicist and mathematician

Glorious Revolutin

Known as the "bloodless revolution" took place took place from 1688-89 in England

absolute monarchy

transmission of power is hereditary, and the monarch doesnt have any constitutional limits

divine right

monarch is not subject to any rule on earth, and his right to rule comes directly from God

Republic

a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch

Thomas Hobbes

Thought people were naturally selfish and evil, moved away from divine monarchy and into absolute monarchy

Social contract said

government will provide safety, but you will give up some of your freedom

John Locke

thought people were naturally shaped by experiences (tabula rosa) and believed that people could improve

Natural Rights

Life, Liberty, Property

Voltaire

Believed in freedom of religion and freedom of speech or expression

Adam Smith

Believed that individuals acting in their own self-interests created economic progress

Laissez faire

An economic system that allows transactions between groups be free from any economic interventions coming from outside groups

Invisible hand

Visual Representation by Adam Smith that explained how free market economy is guided by a unseen force

Mary Wollstonecraft

first true feminist, fought for womens education rights, Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Salons

Social gatherings hosted by women that were considered for the culturally wealthy or elite

Diderot

Created the first encyclopedia published in 1751, Contained information about science, art, technology, and government

Baroque

Music and architecture

Montesquieu

Separation of power is the best type of government

Rousseau

"Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains".Believed all people are equal and should have an equal voice in things

Beccaria

Believed that not every crime should have the same punishment

Nature

natural laws to everything in the world

Happiness

goal in the world, live according to "natures laws"

Progress

we can get better as people and a society

Liberty

freedom

Ideas were challenged by

The church, The government and they gradually spread throughout Europe

What city becomes the center for intellectual activity

Paris, France

Ideas spread in 2 main ways

Salons and the encyclopedia

Neoclassical music

Also known as classical music

Tabula Rosa

Like a "blank slate"

Thomas Jefferson

1770s, Ancient "republic" = representation government, Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Pre-enlightenment rulers believed

power came from god, cant make mistakes, no written law code, Promote religious unity of the state

Enlightenment rulers

Monarch respects peoples rights and Make countries stronger and dont tear them apart

Sources of Authority for Europeans until the 16th century were

Church and the ancients (older scientists and ideas)

Old to new way of thinking scientifically

obey and accept sources of authority → scientific investigation, proof, evidence, through REASON we are able to examine different things

Enlightened deposits

Absolute monarchs that pursued legal, social, and educational reforms

Frederick the great

Ruled from 1740-1786, Considered himself the "first servant of the state", Believed in freedom of religion and press encouraged by Voltaire, Supported a uniform education for the country, Created the first German law code encouraged by Beccaria

Joseph ll

Ruled from 1780-1790, Supported religious toleration however also dissolved monasteries, Gave Jews rights, Continued the reforms of his mother Maria Theresa, Created a bureaucracy with administrative, judicial, and fiscal departments

Catherine the great

Ruled from 1762-1796, Relaxed censorship, Led to Russia emerging as a global power, "Westernized" Russia with agriculture and industry, Encouraged education for nobility and middle class

Impact on the US

Helped us create the majority of our legal documents and the foundations of the government

Declaration of Independence

Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, Declared our independence from Britain

nature, happiness, progress, liberty, reason

Philosophes shared values: