HMWH Unit 2
Scientific Revolution by definition:
Scientific revolution:: a period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries. It replaced the Greek view of nature that had dominated science for almost 2,000 years.
Heliocentric Theory
Heliocentric theory:: a cosmological model in which the Sun is assumed to lie at or near a central point (e.g., of the solar system or of the universe) while the Earth and other bodies revolve around it.
Nicolas Copernicus
Copernicus :: Published his book in 1543 and waited a long time because he feared ridicule and persecution
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler :: Concluded certain mathematical laws based off of Brahe’s work
Galileo Galilei
Galileo :: disproved Aristotle with his findings. He supporters Copernicus’s theories. He disproved the theory of an ancient Greek making it revolutionary .His ideas went against the church leaders and this threatened their power
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Geocentric Theory
Geocentric theory:: any theory of the structure of the solar system (or the universe) in which Earth is assumed to be at the center of it all. Earth is the center
Scientific Theory
- Scientific theory :: Developed in the 1600s and contains four components (Question from observation, hypothesis : unproved assumption ,Test in experiments , Conclusion-confirms or disproves a hypothesis)
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Francis Bacon
Bacon:: Criticized medieval scholars for relying too heavily on Aristotle’s conclusions and other ancient thinkers. The theory of Empiricism or experimental method isn’t reasoning from abstract theories but experimenting and then drawing conclusions.
Rene Descartes
Descartes:: first modern philosopher. He is famous for having made an important connection between geometry and algebra. Everything should be doubted until proven wrong.
Isaac Newton
- Isaac Newton :: English physicist and mathematician. Phenomena of colors into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics. His three laws of motion resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation. In mathematics, he was the original discoverer of infinitesimal calculus.
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Glorious Revolution
Glorious Revolutin:: Known as the “bloodless revolution” took place took place from 1688-89 in England. It involved the overthrow of Catholic King James II, who was replaced by his Protestant daughter Mary and her Dutch husband, William of Orange.
Absolute Monarchy
absolute monarchy:: transmission of power is hereditary, and the monarch doesn’t have any constitutional limits
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Devine Right
divine right:: monarch is not subject to any rule on earth, and his right to rule comes directly from God. cant be held accountable for any of their actions by any earthly authority such as parliament
Republic
Republic:: a state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch.
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Thomas Hobbes and the social contract
Thomas Hobbes:: Thought people were naturally selfish and evil, moved away from divine monarchy and into absolute monarchy. Social contract said: government will provide safety, but you will give up some of your freedom
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John Locke and Natural Rights
John Locke:: thought people were naturally shaped by experiences (tabula rosa) and believed that people could improve. government should give the citizens the ability to improve, and if not then they have the option to overthrow it. Natural Rights: Life, Liberty, Property
Voltaire
Voltaire: Believed in freedom of religion and freedom of speech or expression
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Adam Smith
Adam Smith: Believed that individuals acting in their own self-interests created economic progress. Thought that the political system and government of that area has too much control over people and economies
"laissez-faire"
Laissez faire:: An economic system that allows transactions between groups be free from any economic interventions coming from outside groups
Invisible Hand
Invisible hand:: Visual Representation by Adam Smith that explained how free market economy is guided by a unseen force.
Mary Wollstonecraft
Mary Wollstonecraft:: first true feminist, fought for women’s education rights, Wrote “A Vindication of the Rights of Women”
Salons
Salons:: Social gatherings hosted by women that were considered for the culturally wealthy or elite. Food and entertainment (poetry, singing, music, art, discussions). Women did not discuss political issues or business-related topics
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Denis Diderot
Diderot:: Created the first encyclopedia published in 1751, Contained information about science, art, technology, and government. This book angered the French government and church because it had ideas that went against what the church said
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Baroque
Baroque:: Music and architecture. BALANCE, ORDER, ORNATE
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Baron de Montesquieu
Montesquieu:: Separation of power is the best type of government. Helped influence the U.S. constitution with some of his ideas
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau:: “Man is born free; and everywhere he is in chains”.Believed all people are equal and should have an equal voice in things. Chained to the majority of what society wants
Beccaria
Beccaria:: Believed that not every crime should have the same punishment. If someone gets punished, it should be in private. Treason should be the only reason for execution
Enlightened Philosophes Believed In
Enlightened Philosophes believed in these 5 things:: Reason - can solve problems and improve. Nature - natural laws to everything in the world. Happiness- goal in the world, live according to “natures laws”. Progress - we can get better as people and a society. Liberty- freedom
Ideas were challenged by
Ideas were challenged by:: The church, The government and they gradually spread throughout Europe
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What city becomes the center for Intellectual Activity?
What city becomes the center for intellectual activity:: Paris, France
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Ideas spread in 2 main ways
Ideas spread in 2 main ways:: Salons and the encyclopedia
Groups that impacted or reflected ideas
Groups that impacted or reflected ideas:: Aristocracy, Religion, Art, Architecture, Monarchs- the government
Deism
Deism:: “civil” religion - believes in god(s) but only to a certain extent and they have certain beliefs and doubts about everything
Wolfgang Amadeus Motzart
Motzart:: Created many songs: Don Giovanni, Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, Requiem. Balance and order were in his extravagant compositions. Considered one of the best composers ever, especially back in his time
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Neoclassical Music
Neoclassical music:: Also known as classical music. Balance and order in these songs. Also contains clarity, economy, and emotional restraint. 20th-century trend but it is still played quite a bit in the 21st century
Tabula Rosa
Tabula Rosa:: Like a “blank slate”. Environment. State of nature= not evil but improveable. Social contract and natural rights
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson:: 1770s, Ancient “republic” = representation government, Wrote the Declaration of Independence
Pre- enlightenment rulers
Pre-enlightenment rulers believed:: power came from god, can’t make mistakes, no written law code, Promote religious unity of the state
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Enlightenment Rulers
Enlightenment rulers:: Monarch respects people’s rights and Make countries stronger and don’t tear them apart
Sources of Authority for Europeans until the 16th century
Sources of Authority for Europeans until the 16th century were:: Church and the ancients (older scientists and ideas)
Old to New way of thinking scientifically
Old to new way of thinking scientifically:: obey and accept sources of authority → scientific investigation, proof, evidence, through REASON we are able to examine different things
Revolutions in
Revolutions in:: Economy: Age of Exploration, Religion: reformation - one church to many, Culture, education & science - printing press, Now: challenging traditional authorities in how we organize our society (government, law code,s human behaviors, values, and beliefs)
Enlightened despots
Enlightened despots:: Absolute monarchs that pursued legal, social, and educational reforms
Frederick the Great (Austria)
Frederick the great:: Ruled from 1740-1786, Considered himself the “first servant of the state”, Believed in freedom of religion and press encouraged by Voltaire, Supported a uniform education for the country, Created the first German law code encouraged by Beccaria
Joseph ll (Prussia)
Joseph ll:: Ruled from 1780-1790, Supported religious toleration however also dissolved monasteries, Gave Jews rights, Continued the reforms of his mother Maria Theresa, Created a bureaucracy with administrative, judicial, and fiscal departments
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Catherine the Great (Russia)
- Catherine the great:: Ruled from 1762-1796, Relaxed censorship, Led to Russia emerging as a global power, “Westernized” Russia with agriculture and industry, Encouraged education for nobility and middle class
Impact on the US
Impact on the US:: Helped us create the majority of our legal documents and the foundations of the government. The US was a very new country at this point so it helped us set our boundaries and know how everything works and helped us run everything.
Declaration of Independence
Declaration of Independence:: Written in 1776 by Thomas Jefferson, Declared our independence from Britain. Written because we were tired of how Britain was treating us as far as taxing and things along those lines go so this is the legal document saying why we separated.
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Overarching legacies of SR/Enlightenment
- Legacies of the SR/Enlightenment: Challenged European Institutions: Divine right of monarchs, Union of the Church and state, Unequal social classes. Helped progress of society. Secularism. Individuality.